Table 2 Association of malaria infection status with age, sex, LLINs, IRS, number of tests conducted per participant, geographical location, season and IRS insecticide used

Overall

21.7

31,974/147,257 (25,354)

0.13 [0.08, 0.21]

<0.001

Age

 <1

14.2

501/3535 (1735)

1.26 [1.09, 1.45]

0.001

 1–4

24.0

6127/25,505 (5677)

2.75 [2.54, 2.98]

<0.001

 5–10

27.4

10,066/36,779 (7608)

3.62 [3.35, 3.91]

<0.001

 11–14

26.0

4892/18,840 (4746)

3.36 [3.09, 3.65]

<0.001

 15–24

20.3

4491/22,077 (5685)

2.04 [1.88, 2.22]

<0.001

 25–44

14.9

4028/27,044 (5807)

1.24 [1.14, 1.34]

<0.001

 ≥45

13.8

1796/13,027 (2903)

1 [NA]

NA

Sex

 Male

23.3

16,068/79,208 (12,008)

1 [NA]

NA

 Female

20.3

15,750/67,567 (13,228)

0.86 [0.83, 0.90]

<0.001

Interventions

 LLINs

20.0

20,613/103,149 (20,706)

0.89 [0.85, 0.93]

<0.001

 IRS

17.4

7568/43,560 (9926)

0.87 [0.82, 0.93]

<0.001

 Number of tests conducted per participant

21.7

31,974/147,257(25,354)

0.97 [0.97, 0.98]

<0.001

Type of visit

 Passive

43.4

6416/14,785 (8922)

1 [NA]

NA

 Active

19.2

25,281/131,359 (22055)

0.29 [0.28, 0.31]

<0.001

 Clusters

Luangwa district

Sinyawagora RHC

19.7

1314/6655 (1959)

2.86 [1.65, 4.97]

<0.001

Kasinsa RHC

16.7

2232/13,402 (3429)

4.67 [2.78, 7.84]

<0.001

Chitope RHC

19.6

3419/17,463 (1215)

2.92 [2.04, 4.17]

<0.001

Luangwa High School RHC

16.5

2854/17,320 (1158)

7.37 [4.31, 12.61]

<0.001

Mphuka RHC

24.9

2981/11,957 (2147)

7.37 [4.31, 12.61]

<0.001

Mandombe RHC

10.3

1386/13,508 (1805)

1.54 [0.89, 2.66]

0.119

Luangwa Boma RHC

6.4

839/13,161 (2033)

1 [NA]

NA

Nyimba district

Kacholola RHC

26.7

3108/11,654 (1166)

7.50 [4.75, 11.84]

<0.001

Hofmeyer RHC

41.9

2601/6214 (2120)

15.81 [10.20, 24.52]

<0.001

Mtilizi RHC

37.6

2238/5949 (2024)

12.35 [7.72, 19.76]

<0.001

Mtilizi RHP

25.3

2478/9788 (3379)

13.49 [8.45, 21.56]

<0.001

Chinambi RHC

31.9

1740/5463 (1741)

9.16 [5.79, 14.48]

<0.001

Mkopeka RHC

32.8

2761/8413 (1311)

14.22 [8.55, 23.63]

<0.001

Chipembe RHC

32.1

2023/6310 (1916)

13.54 [8.03, 22.84]

<0.001

Season

 Hot & wet (Dec–April)

25.3

18,283/72,217 (20,243)

4.20 [3.67, 4.81]

<0.001

 Cool & dry (May–Aug)

23.9

11,216/46,860 (16,513)

3.25 [2.80, 3.76]

<0.001

 Hot & dry (Sept–Nov)

8.7

2444/27,983 (12,590)

1 [NA]

NA

Insecticide applied for IRS

Deltamethrine

1–3 months since last spray

13.3

322/2419 (2166)

0.81 [0.65, 1.01]

0.064

4–6 months since last spray

23.8

2411/10,150 (4231)

1.07 [0.94, 1.23]

0.295

7–12 months since last spray

13.6

2128/15,640 (4434)

1.16 [1.03, 1.30]

0.013

Never sprayed and >13 months since last spray

22.8

27,083/118,899 (23,233)

1 [NA]

NA

Lambdacyhalothrin

1–3 months since last spray

4.7

145/3102 (1526)

0.69 [0.53, 0.90]

0.006

4–6 months since last spray

9.4

207/2199 (1264)

1.26 [1.01, 1.57]

0.042

7–12 months since last spray

4.5

157/3508 (1469)

0.94 [0.74, 1.21]

0.653

Never sprayed and >13 months since last spray

22.7

31,435/138,299 (24,931)

1 [NA]

NA

Primiphosmethyl EC

1–3 months since last spray

18.9

1922/10,194 (5527)

0.77 [0.69, 0.85]

<0.001

4–6 months since last spray

28.8

2666/9259 (5926)

0.64 [0.58, 0.71]

<0.001

7–12 months since last spray

16.0

1793/11,184 (5760)

0.63 [0.56, 0.71]

<0.001

Never sprayed and >13 months since last spray

21.9

25,563/11,6471 (22,311)

1 [NA]

NA

Primiphosmethyl CS

1–3 months since last spray

13.0

468/3590 (2675)

0.37 [0.31, 0.43]

<0.001

4–6 months since last spray

30.6

1386/4536 (3349)

0.24 [0.21, 0.27]

<0.001

7–12 months since last spray

49.5

95/192 (191)

1.35 [0.85, 2.15]

0.204

Never sprayed and >13 months since last spray

21.6

29,995/138,790 (24,588)

1 [NA]

NA