Fig. 4

Study profile. Cases were children with a high axillary temperature (≥37.5 °C) or a reported history of fever during the last 48 h with a positive rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Controls were children with neither fever nor signs suggesting malaria with a negative RDT. Neither case nor control were (i) children with a high axillary temperature (≥37.5 °C) or a reported history of fever during the last 48 h with a negative RDT and (ii) children with no signs suggesting malaria associate to positive RDT