Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia and clinical malaria among school children living in a high transmission setting in western Kenya

Table 3 Factors associated with Plasmodium falciparum infection, among school children in Bumula District

Variable	Crude odds ratio (95 % CI)	P value	Adjusted^a odds ratio (95 % CI)	P value^b
Child characteristics
Sex
Male	1		1
Female	0.78 (0.68–0.88)	<0.001	0.76 (0.68–0.87)	<0.001
Age categories (years)
5–10	1
11–15	0.78 (0.69–0.81)	<0.001	0.68 (0.67–0.85)	<0.001
Stunted	1.39 (0.97–1.97)	0.061	1.48 (1.04–1.41)	0.007
Underweight	1.12 (0.98–1.29)	0.095	1.22 (1.06–0.95)	0.295
Thin	0.98 (0.81–1.19)	0.848	0.96 (0.79–1.17)	0.713
Anaemia	1.17 (1.03–1.33)	0.018	1.14 (1.01–1.32)	0.030
Survey-round
1 (Feb–June 2013)	1		1
2 (Sept 2013)	0.71 (0.61–0.82)		0.71 (0.61–0.82)
3 (Jan 2014)	0.46 (0.40–0.54)	0.017	0.46 (0.40–0.54)	<0.001
4 (May 2014)	0.78 (0.67–0.90)		0.78 (0.67–0.90)
5 (Sept 2014)	0.81 (0.70–0.94)		0.80 (0.69–0.94)
Household characteristics
Bed net use
Never	1		1
Sometimes	0.99 (0.86–1.14)	0.893	0.99 (0.87–1.14)	0.990
Always	0.96 (0.81–1.12)		0.97 (0.82–1.15)
Socio economic status
Poor	1		1
Not poor	0.86 (0.76–0.98)	0.026	0.85 (0.75–0.97)	0.031
LST (°C)
16.0–20.6	1		1
20.7–25.3	1.09 (0.85–1.39)	0.695	1.07 (0.83–1.40)	0.920
25.5–34.8	1.10 (0.80–1.52)		1.09 (0.78–1.54)
NDVI
0.34–0.54	1		1
0.35–0.60	1.10 (0.96–1.26)	0.523	1.11 (0.97–1.28)	0.412
0.61–0.71	1.12 (0.96–1.31)		1.12 (0.96–1.32)
Average distance to water bodies (km)	1.10 (0.87–1.42)	0.421	1.11 (0.88–1.42)	0.362

LST land surface temperature, NDVI normalized difference vegetation index
Stunted = HAZ < −2 SD below median reference value, thin = BMIZ < −2 SD below median reference value, underweight = WAZ < −2 SD below median reference value; wet season survey (February–June 2013, May 2014); Dry season (September 2013, January 2014, September 2014). WAZ was calculated for children 5–10 years
^aMultivariate analysis adjusted for sex, age and socio economic status
^bP value based on likelihood ratio test

ISSN: 1475-2875