Table 3 Univariate associations between factors investigated for association with Plasmodium infection by RDT and by PCR, and adjusted odds ratios, 95 % confidence intervals and p values for variables retained in final multivariate models
Univariate | Multivariate | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Crude OR | 95 % CI | p | Adjusted OR | 95 % CI | p |
P. falciparum positive by PCRa | ||||||
Household category | ||||||
Index household | 1.00 | – | – | 1 | – | – |
Five closest HH | 1.00 | – | – | 1 | – | – |
Ten closest HH | 1.00 | – | – | 1 | – | – |
High incidence control HH | 100.37 | 23.06, 436.79 | <0.001 | 148.17 | 28.92, 759.01 | <0.001 |
Low incidence control HH | 27.77 | 5.83, 132.17 | <0.001 | 35.43 | 7.02, 179.03 | <0.001 |
Village burden 2013 | ||||||
<5 cases in 2013 | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – |
≥5 cases in 2013 | 1.74 | 0.70, 4.34 | 0.231 | – | – | – |
Village distance to forest | ||||||
<500 m | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – |
500 m–1 km | 1.62 | 0.58, 4.58 | 0.360 | – | – | – |
1–2 km | 0.55 | 0.07, 4.44 | 0.576 | – | – | – |
2–5 km | 1.43 | 0.36, 5.71 | 0.609 | – | – | – |
Measured fever (>37.2 °C) | 11.92 | 4.31, 32.91 | <0.001 | 3.94 | 1.33, 11.65 | 0.013 |
Adult male (vs. all other age/sex groups) | 1.58 | 0.80, 3.12 | 0.184 | – | – | – |
Used mosquito net last night | 0.30 | 0.90, 0.97 | 0.045 | 0.19 | 0.52, 0.68 | 0.011 |
Previous malaria (ever) | 1.58 | 0.40, 6.21 | 0.512 | 6.62 | 1.08, 40.46 | 0.041 |
P. vivax positive by PCRa | ||||||
Household category | ||||||
Index household | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – |
Five closest HH | 0.40 | 0.05, 3.18 | 0.387 | – | – | – |
Ten closest HH | 0.69 | 0.14, 3.37 | 0.647 | – | – | – |
High incidence control HH | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – |
Low incidence control HH | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – |
Village burden 2013 | ||||||
<5 cases in 2013 | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – |
≥5 cases in 2013 | 2.85 | 0.60, 13.58 | 0.188 | – | – | – |
Village distance to forest | ||||||
<500 m | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – |
500 m–1 km | 0.60 | 0.13, 2.83 | 0.519 | – | – | – |
1–2 km | 0.55 | 0.07, 4.26 | 0.568 | – | – | – |
2–5 km | 0.35 | 0.04, 2.82 | 0.327 | – | – | – |
Measured fever (>37.2 °C) | 4.54 | 1.06, 19.41 | 0.041 | 4.03 | 0.95, 16.90 | 0.058 |
Adult male (vs. all other age/sex groups) | 1.60 | 0.72, 3.58 | 0.245 | – | – | – |
Used mosquito net last night | 0.62 | 0.08, 4.63 | 0.641 | – | – | – |
Previous malaria (ever) | 4.47 | 1.05, 19.11 | <0.001 | 12.11 | 4.48, 32.75 | <0.001 |
All species, positive by RDT | ||||||
Household category | ||||||
Index household | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – |
Five closest HH | 4.08 | 0.99, 16.89 | 0.052 | – | – | – |
Ten closest HH | 1.67 | 0.19. 14.47 | 0.642 | – | – | – |
High incidence control HH | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Low incidence control HH | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Village burden 2013 | ||||||
<5 cases in 2013 | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – |
≥5 cases in 2013 | 1.03 | 0.25, 4.31 | 0.964 | |||
Village distance to forest | ||||||
<500 m | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – |
500 m–1 km | 3.56 | 0.80, 15.80 | 0.095 | |||
1–2 km | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – |
2–5 km | 1.337466 | 0.14, 12.41 | 0.798 | – | – | – |
Measured fever (>37.2 °C) | 9.36 | 1.74, 50.31 | 0.009 | 8.37 | 1.54, 45.59 | 0.014 |
Adult male (vs. all other age/sex groups) | 2.902508 | 0.90, 9.35 | 0.074 | – | – | – |
Used mosquito net last night | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Previous malaria (ever) | 8.71 | 2.05, 37.05 | 0.003 | 8.31 | 1.95, 35.40 | 0.004 |