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Table 5 Factors associated with an unused bed net being present in the house despite someone sleeping without a bed net a combined site analysis (n = 1408)

From: Comparing ownership and use of bed nets at two sites with differential malaria transmission in western Kenya

Characteristic

Crude OR (95 % CI), p = p value

Adjusteda OR (95 % CI), p = p value

Demographics

 Site (lowland = reference)

1.8 (1.2, 2.8), p = 0.004

 

 Children under 5 in household

0.8 (0.5, 1.1), p = 0.17

 

 Pregnant woman in household

0.7 (0.3, 1.4), p = 0.29

 

 Female household head education level

  No school

1

 

  Primary

1.9 (0.7, 4.9), p = 0.18

 

  Secondary

2.4 (0.9, 6.3), p = 0.07

 

  More than secondary

1.4 (0.4, 4.5), p = 0.58

 

 Durable good ownership

  Radio

0.7 (0.4, 1.1), p = 0.10

0.5 (0.3, 0.9), p = 0.01

  Stove

1.1 (0.6, 2.1), p = 0.71

0.8 (0.4, 1.6), p = 0.48

  TV

1.7 (1.1, 2.6), p = 0.009

1.7 (0.9, 3.4), p = 0.11

  Indoor lighting

0.6 (0.3, 1.5), p = 0.28

0.5 (0.2, 1.2), p = 0.11

  Bike

0.8 (0.5, 1.2), p = 0.24

0.7 (0.4, 1.2), p = 0.22

  Sofa set

1.5 (1.0, 2.3), p = 0.04

1.5 (0.8, 2.9), p = 0.26

  Bed set

1.4 (0.7, 2.7), p = 0.34

1.5 (0.7, 3.1), p = 0.28

 Wealth group

  Very low

1

 

  Low

(0.7, 2.6), p = 0.39

 

  Medium

1.1 (0.6, 2.0), p = 0.64

 

  High

1.6 (1.0, 2.7), p = 0.06

 

Basic malaria knowledge

 Malaria transmitted by mosquitoes

Undefined

Undefined

 Fever a symptom of malaria

0.8 (0.1, 6.1), p = 0.82

1.0 (0.1, 8.0), p = 0.98

 Malaria prevented by bed nets

0.4 (0.1, 3.0), p = 0.38

2.4 (0.3, 21.8), p = 0.43

Attitudes about malaria

 Family at risk of malaria

1.7 (0.4, 7.2), p = 0.45

1.3 (0.3, 5.7), p = 0.71

 Malaria is serious

0.8 (0.4, 1.9), p = 0.67

0.9 (0.4, 2.0), p = 0.78

 Children are more at risk than adults

0.4 (0.2, 0.7), p < 0.001

0.4 (0.2, 0.6), p < 0.001

 People in my community concerned about malaria

1.2 (0.4, 3.9), p = 0.77

0.9 (0.3, 3.0), p = 0.82

Malaria history

 Known someone who died of malaria

1.1 (0.8, 1.4), p = 0.52

0.8 (0.5, 1.2), p = 0.19

 Known someone with severe complications of malaria

1.4 (1.1, 1.9), p = 0.007

1.4 (1.0, 1.8), p = 0.02

Attitude towards bed nets as a prevention strategy

 Community believes bed nets are good way to prevent malaria

0.3 (0.1, 0.6), p = 0.002

0.3 (0.1, 0.7), p = 0.008

 Community rather buy other things than bed net

1.5 (0.9, 2.5), p = 0.09

1.3 (0.8, 2.2), p = 0.32

 Community thinks bed nets purchased better than free

1.4 (0.9, 2.4), p = 0.13

1.4 (0.8, 2.3), p = 0.20

 Household believes bed net is beneficial

0.4 (0.2, 1.1), p = 0.08

0.6 (0.2, 1.7), p = 0.35

 Bed nets are a good way to prevent malaria

0.6 (0.3, 1.3), p = 0.22

0.8 (0.4, 1.8), p = 0.67

 Household believes bed nets bought are better than free

1.8 (1.1, 3.1), p = 0.02

1.6 (1.0, 2.5), p = 0.05

Attitudes towards bed net access

 Same chance of obtaining a bed net

0.8 (0.4, 1.4), p = 0.41

0.8 (0.4, 1.4), p = 0.41

 Bed net is easy to get

2.1 (1.4, 3.2) 0.001

2.4 (1.6, 3.7), p < 0.001

 Afford a bed net if not free

1.7 (1.1, 2.7) 0.02

1.6 (1.0, 2.6), p = 0.03

Attitudes towards bed net use

 People in community only use during rainy season

3.2 (1.9, 5.3), p < 0.001

2.8 (1.6, 4.8), p < 0.001

 Householder only uses during rainy season

2.1 (1.0, 4.1), p = 0.04

1.7 (0.8, 3.5), p = 0.16

 No use using a net, I will get malaria anyway

3.0 (1.6, 5.4), p < 0.001

2.3 (1.2, 4.3), p = 0.01

 Using malaria drugs is easier than using bed net

2.5 (1.5, 4.0), p < 0.001

2.2 (1.3, 3.7), p = 0.002

 Using a bed net is difficult

2.6 (1.5, 4.7), p = 0.001

2.2 (1.2, 4.0), p = 0.01

Other control measures taken

 Household received indoor residual spray

0.7 (0.5, 1.1), p = 0.14

0.9 (0.6, 1.3), p = 0.59

  1. Italics indicate a p-value is <0.05
  2. Only households with at least one bed net present were included in the analysis. The outcome was defined as having a bed net in the household that was not being used and at least one person in the household who had not slept under a bed net the night prior
  3. aAdjusted for site, education, wealth, children under five, pregnant women