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Table 2 Odds of an RDT-positive result by risk factor for individuals under 10 years of age

From: Mass testing and treatment for malaria in low transmission areas in Amhara Region, Ethiopia

 

N (% of total population <10 years)

RDT-positive for Pv alone, Pf alone, or Pf and Pv (mixed)

n

% with positive RDT

Distribution of RDT-positive population (%)

Unadjusted OR (95 % CI)

Adjusted OR (95 % CI)c

Individuals tested with RDT

8938 (100)

161

1.8

100

–

–

 Geography

  Kebele 1 (Berhan Chora)

2073 (23.2)

2

0.1

1.2

Ref

Ref ***

  Kebele 2 (Choresa)

855 (9.6)

3

0.4

1.9

3.65 (0.61–21.86)

1.83 (0.27–12.56)

  Kebele 3 (Dehina Sositu)

2625 (29.4)

32

1.2

19.9

12.78 (3.06–53.38)

6.74 (1.55–29.22)

  Kebele 4 (Kumer Aftit)

850 (9.5)

37

4.4

23

47.13 (11.33–195.98)

30.00 (6.88–130.81)

  Kebele 5 (Yeginid Lomi)

1555 (17.4)

76

4.9

47.2

53.21 (13.05–216.99)

32.04 (7.06–145.43)

  Kebele 6 (Zengoba)

980 (11.0)

11

1.1

6.8

11.75 (2.60–53.14)

8.15 (1.75–39.94)

Sociodemographic characteristics

 Sex

  Female

4433 (49.6)

82

1.9

50.9

Ref

Ref

  Male

4505 (50.4)

79

1.8

49.1

0.95 (0.71–1.27)

0.96 (0.68–1.39)

 Age (years)

  <5 

3694 (41.3)

58

1.6

36

Ref

Ref

  5–9 

5244 (58.7)

103

2

64

1.26 (0.98–1.62)

1.34 (0.92–1.96)

 Occupation of household head

  No occupation

214 (2.4)

6

2.8

3.7

Ref

Ref

  Migrant labourer

52 (0.6)

1

1.9

0.6

0.68 (0.07–6.97)

1.30 (0.11–15.3)

  Farmer

6730 (75.3)

116

1.7

72.1

0.61 (0.21–1.74)

1.01 (0.35–2.86)

  Student

45 (0.5)

1

2.2

0.6

0.79 (0.06–10.57)

1.92 (0.19–18.90)

  Housework

212 (2.4)

5

2.4

3.1

0.84 (0.20–3.49)

1.27 (0.29–5.53)

  Other or not known

1685 (18.9)

32

1.9

19.9

0.67 (0.28–1.61)

1.29 (0.43–3.82)

Malaria risk factors

 Vector control1

  No mosquito net or IRS

1829 (20.5)

35

1.9

21.7

Ref

Ref

  Mosquito net and no IRS

2382 (26.7)

80

3.4

49.7

1.78 (0.60–5.26)

0.87 (0.50–1.50)

  IRS and no mosquito net

1088 (12.2)

13

1.2

8.1

0.62 (0.13–2.91)

1.08 (0.50–2.31)

  Mosquito net and IRS

3639 (40.7)

33

0.9

20.5

0.47 (0.11–1.96)

0.51 (0.28–0.94)

 Spent ≥1 night away from home in last month

  No

8913 (99.7)

159

1.8

98.8

Ref

Ref

  Yes

25 (0.3)

2

8

1.2

4.79 (0.71–32.48)

10.16 (1.18–87.58)

 Febrile2

  No

8458 (94.6)

99

1.2

61.5

Ref

Ref***

  Yes

480 (5.4)

62

12.9

38.5

12.52 (4.84–32.43)

15.08 (9.91–22.92)

 Took antimalarial drugs in last 2 weeks

  No

8930 (99.9)

157

1.8

97.5

Ref

Ref*

  Yes

8 (0.1)

4

50

2.5

55.88 (30.68–101.78)

12.47 (1.34–116.16)

 >1 RDT-positive individual in household

  No

8834 (98.8)

106

1.2

65.8

Ref

Ref***

  Yes

104 (1.2)

55

52.9

34.2

92.42 (27.09–315.34)

50.57 (30.23–84.58)

 ≥1 individual in household spent ≥ 1 night away from home in the last month

  No

8516 (95.3)

156

1.8

96.9

Ref

Ref

  Yes

422 (4.7)

5

1.2

3.1

0.64 (0.39–1.05)

0.50 (0.15–1.72)

  1. CI confidence interval; IRS indoor residual spraying; OR odds ratio; Pf Plasmodium falciparum; Pv Plasmodium vivax; RDT rapid diagnostic test; Ref reference
  2. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 from likelihood ratio test
  3. aSlept under a mosquito net last night and/or household received IRS in the last 12 months
  4. bMeasured fever (axillary temperature ≥ 37.5 °C) or history of fever in last 24 h
  5. cAdjusted Odds Ratios for all sociodemographic characteristics and malaria risk factors
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Malaria Journal

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