Table 5 The types and frequencies of SP resistance haplotypes detected in both dhfr and dhps genes in isolates from four sentinel sites in Sudan in 2011
Haplotypes | Kassala, n = 79 | Gedaref, n = 96 | Sennar, n = 98 | Kosti, n = 88 | Total | p value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N | ||
dhfr wild type + dhps wild type | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1) | 4 (4.1) | 6 (6.8) | 12 | 0.133 |
All double mutants | 9 (11.4) | 17 (17.7) | 23 (23.5) | 48 (54.5) | 97 | <0.001 |
dhfr N51I, S108 N + dhps wild type | 9 (11.4) | 17 (17.7) | 23 (23.5) | 47 (53.4) | 96 | <0.001 |
dhfr wild type + dhps A437G + K540E | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.1) | 1 | |
All triple mutants | 6 (7.6) | 13 (13.5) | 15 (15.3) | 11 (12.5) | 45 | 0.467 |
dhfr N51I, C59R, S108 N + dhps wild type | 4 (5.1) | 4 (4.2) | 3 (3.1) | 4 (4.5) | 15 | 0.911 |
dhfr N51I, S108 N + dhps S436A | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.0) | 2 (2.3) | 3 | |
dhfr C59R, S108 N + dhps S436A | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 | |
dhfr N51I, S108 N + dhps A437G | 0 (0) | 4 (4.2) | 0 (0) | 4 (4.5) | 8 | |
dhfr N51I, S108 N + dhps K540E | 0 (0) | 3 (3.1) | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0) | 4 | |
dhfr N51I, S108 N + dhps A581G | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (1.1) | 3 | |
dhps A437G, K540E, A581G | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 | |
dhfr N51I, S108 N + dhps S436C | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 9 (9.2) | 0 (0) | 9 | |
All quadruple mutants | 25 (31.6) | 28 (29.2) | 38 (38.8) | 20 (22.7) | 111 | 0.125 |
dhfr N51I, C59R, S108 N + dhps S436A | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 | |
dhfr N51I, S108 N + dhps A437G, K540E | 25 (31.6) | 27 (28.1) | 34 (34.7) | 20 (22.7) | 106 | 0.325 |
dhfr N51I, S108 N + dhps A437G, A581G | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0) | 1 | |
dhfr N51I, S108 N + dhps A436C, K540E | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0) | 1 | |
dhfr N51I, S108 N + dhps A436C, A581G | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.0) | 0 (0) | 2 | |
All quintuple mutants | 37 (46.8) | 33 (34.4) | 14 (14.3) | 3 (3.4) | 87 | <0.001 |
dhfr N51I, C59R, S108 N + dhps A437G, K540E | 0 (0) | 17 (17.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.3) | 19 | <0.001 |
dhfr N51I, S108 N + dhps S436A, A437G, K540E | 5 (6.3) | 5 (5.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 10 | 0.004 |
dhfr N51I, S108 N + dhps A437G, K540E, A581G | 32 (40.5) | 11 (11.5) | 14 (14.3) | 1 (1.1) | 58 | <0.001 |
All sextuple mutants | 1 (1.3) | 4 (4.2) | 4 (4.1) | 0 (0) | 9 | |
dhfr N51I, C59R, S108 N + dhps S436A, A437G, K540E | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 | |
dhfr N51I, C59R, S108 N + dhps A437G, K540E, A581G | 0 (0) | 3 (3.1) | 4 (4.1) | 0 (0) | 7 | |
dhfr N51I, S108 N + dhps S436A, A437G, K540E, A581G | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 |