Table 1 Bivariate and multivariate analyses of socio-demographic factors associated with RDT positivity (RDT +)

Age group (years)

 0–1

1.61 [0.84–3.09]

1.59 [0.80–3.14]

 2–4

1.97 [1.29–3.01]

1.94 [1.22–3.09]

 5–9

3.50 [2.57–4.77]

3.57 [2.51–5.08]

 10–14

3.55 [2.55–4.94]

3.79 [2.62–5.48]

 15–19

2.42 [1.76–3.34]

2.82 [1.93–4.11]

 20–39

1.42 [1.02–1.98]

1.56 [1.08–2.25]

 ≥ 40

1.00

1.00

Sex

 Male

1.00

1.00

 Female

0.65 [0.55–0.76]

0.66 [0.55–0.80]

Education level

 None or unknown

1.87 [1.34–2.62]

1.95 [1.20–3.16]

 Primary

2.06 [1.51–2.82]

2.01 [1.25–3.21]

 Lower secondary

1.48 [1.07–2.06]

1.46 [0.90–2.36]

 Upper secondary/tertiary

1.00

1.00

SES quintile

 1st (poorest)

1.51 [0.48–4.73]

2.49 [1.49–4.14]

 2nd

1.88 [1.35–2.62]

2.26 [1.46–3.49]

 3rd

2.07 [1.51–2.83]

1.51 [0.98–2.31]

 4th

1.49 [1.07–2.06]

1.65 [1.18–2.31]

 5th (wealthiest)

1.00

1.00

Household permeability quintiles

 1st (most perm.)

1.35 [0.91–2.01]

 2nd

1.29 [0.90–1.85]

 3rd

1.30 [0.96–1.76]

 4th

0.85 [0.60–1.21]

 5th (least perm.)

1.00

Population density

 Low (rural)

1.17 [0.50–2.77]

1.18 [0.43–3.22]

 Medium

1.03 [0.41–2.62]

1.03 [0.38–2.77]

 High (urban)

1.00

1.00

Transmission pattern

 East

7.28 [2.13–24.85]

11.29 [3.84–33.20]

 West

7.16 [2.28–22.56]

9.32 [3.49–24.93]

 South

4.49 [0.82–24.49]

4.20 [0.73–24.27]

 Highlands

2.23 [0.65–7.63]

0.98 [0.18–5.39]

 Fringe

1.00

1.00