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Table 2 Association between RDT positivity and MCI in bi- and multivariate analyses

From: Post-deployment effectiveness of malaria control interventions on Plasmodium infections in Madagascar: a comprehensive phase IV assessment

MCI

Area

Variable

Category

N

% RDT+

Bivariate

Multivariate

Crude OR [95 % CI]

p

Adj.* OR [95 % CI]

p

LLIN

All targeted zones except the south

Nightly bed net use

LLIN

6780

3.7

0.55 [0.45–0.67]

<0.001

0.59 [0.46–0.77]

<0.001

NIBN

1364

3.7

0.72 [0.53–0.98]

0.037

0.76 [0.55–1.05]

0.090

None

4391

4.4

1.00

 

1.00

 

LLIN coverage

≤75 %

11,327

3.7

1.00

 

1.00

 

>75 %

1208

6.2

1.78 [0.50–6.34]

0.371

1.82 [0.51–6.49]

0.358

IRS

Southern transmission pattern

IRS the previous year

No

303

4.3

1.00

 

1.00

 

Yes

654

2.4

0.56 [0.35–0.87]

0.010

0.56 [0.35–0.89]

0.014

IRS coverage

≤75 %

708

3.7

1.00

 

1.00

 

>75 %

249

1.2

0.33 [0.08–1.42]

0.136

0.14 [0.03–0.61]

0.008

All targeted zones except the south

IRS the previous year

No

1736

1.1

1.00

 

1.00

 

Yes

3460

1.4

1.13 [0.74–1.72]

0.564

1.11 [0.69–1.78]

0.669

IRS coverage

≤75 %

3662

1.6

1.00

 

1.00

 

>75 %

1534

0.6

0.36 [0.12–1.12]

0.077

0.20 [0.07–0.56]

0.002

LLIN and IRS

All targeted zones except the south

Nightly bed net use and/or IRS coverage

LLIN use and IRS coverage >75 %

427

0.5

0.22 [0.04–1.23]

0.085

0.14 [0.03–0.61]

0.009

No LLIN use and IRS coverage >75 %

596

0.5

0.42 [0.10–1.82]

0.248

0.24 [0.07–0.83]

0.024

LLIN use and IRS coverage ≤75 %

1104

1.3

0.78 [0.44–1.37]

0.385

0.93 [0.58–1.49]

0.764

NIBN use and IRS coverage ≤75 %

160

1.9

0.96 [0.08–11.71]

0.974

0.98 [0.09–10.67]

0.985

No bed net use and IRS coverage ≤75 %

1650

1.4

1.00

 

1.00

 

IPTp

All targeted zones

≥1 dose IPTp

Yes

103

1.9

0.48 [0.09–2.42]

0.370

0.34 [0.05–2.10]

0.244

No

104

3.8

1.00

 

1.00

 

IEC

Fringe and east

Exposure to malaria IEC

Low

2682

4.0

1.00

 

1.00

 

High

1779

2.6

0.70 [0.50–0.99]

0.042

0.79 [0.55–1.16]

0.230

Very high

1413

1.7

0.65 [0.42–1.00]

0.050

0.76 [0.43–1.34]

0.345

Whole country except the fringe and east

Exposure to malaria IEC

Low

4623

3.8

1.00

 

1.00

 

High

2497

4.0

1.08 [0.85–1.36]

0.543

1.08 [0.84–1.38]

0.544

Very high

2432

3.5

0.98 [0.67–1.44]

0.916

1.09 [0.71–1.68]

0.695

  1. * OR adjusted for age, gender, education, SES quintile, population density, and transmission pattern