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Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analyses of potential risk factors associated with malaria among the Nigerian participants (n = 551)

From: Is Nigeria winning the battle against malaria? Prevalence, risk factors and KAP assessment among Hausa communities in Kano State

Variables

Malaria

P

No. examined

% infected

OR (95 % CI)

Age groups

 ≥18

353

61.5

2.13 (1.24, 3.66)

0.006*, †

 12–17

135

66.7

2.67 (1.44, 4.93)

0.002*, †

 <12 years

63

42.9

1

 

Gender

 Male

340

61.2

1.06 (0.75, 1.51)

0.733

 Female

211

59.7

1

 

Educational status

 Not educated

88

54.5

0.76 (0.46, 1.27)

0.289

 Primary education

272

62.1

1.04 (0.71, 1.52)

0.849

 Secondary/tertiary education

191

61.3

1

 

Occupation

 Working

270

62.6

1.18 (0.84, 1.66)

0.352

 Not working

281

58.7

1

 

Household monthly income

 <NGN 32,000 (low)

231

67.1

1.61 (1.13, 2.29)

0.008*, †

 ≥NGN 32,000

320

55.9

1

 

Family size

 >10 members

284

60.9

1.01 (0.85, 1.21)

0.882

 ≤10 members

267

60.3

1

 

Type of houses

 Mud

430

60.5

0.97 (0.64, 1.47)

0.891

 Concrete

121

61.2

1

 

Type of toilet

 Pit (ground dug)

481

61.7

1.44 (0.87, 2.38)

0.155†

 Pour flush system

70

52.9

1

 

Having ITNs

 No

113

61.1

1.01 (0.92, 1.10)

0.914

 Yes

438

60.5

1

 

Using ITNs

 No

278

66.5

1.66 (1.17, 2.34)

0.004*, †

 Yes

273

54.6

1

 

Using insecticide

 No

348

61.5

1.07 (0.85, 1.33)

0.581

 Yes

203

59.1

1

 

Have domestic animals

 Yes

228

57.9

0.82 (0.58, 1.16)

0.272

 No

323

62.5

1

 

Living near water sources (stream, dam, lake, pond, etc.)

 Yes (<250 m)

380

60.0

0.92 (0.64, 1.33)

0.659

 No

171

62.0

1

 

Recent history of infection

 Yes

183

59.0

0.97 (0.86, 1.09)

0.588

 No

368

61.4

1

 
  1. NGN Nigerian Naira; (US$1 = NGN 165); OR odds ratio; CI confidence interval
  2. * Significant association (p < 0.05)
  3. † Confirmed as significant risk factors by multiple logistic regression analysis