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Table 1 Association of CD4 count (at infection) with malaria in the placebo arm

From: Longitudinal effect of CD4 by cotrimoxazole use on malaria incidence among HIV-infected Ugandan adults on antiretroviral therapy: a randomized controlled study

 

Clinical malaria

Median value

Rate/100 person years (95 % CI)a

Crude rate ratio (95 % CI)a

Adjusted rate ratio (95 % CI)a,b

Adjusted rate ratio (95 % CI)a,c

CD4 count at infectiond

  

P = 0.60

P = 0.81

P = 0.56

 <300

262

14.6 (11.2–19.0)

1

1

1

 300–399

355

13.4 (11.0–16.3)

0.9 (0.7–1.1)

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

 400–499

448

13.1 (11.1–15.5)

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

0.9 (0.6–1.3)

 500–599

547

13.5 (11.5–15.9)

0.9 (0.7–1.3)

0.9 (0.6–1.3)

0.9 (0.6–1.4)

 600–699

644

14.2 (11.7–17.1)

1.0 (0.7–1.4)

0.9 (0.6–1.5)

1.0 (0.6–1.6)

 ≥700

836

15.5 (12.7–19.0)

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

1.0 (0.6–1.7)

1.2 (0.7–1.9)

Baseline factors

 Site

  

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P = 0.002

  Entebbe

 

10.6 (8.8–12.8)

1

1

1

  Masaka

 

17.2 (14.9–19.9)

1.6 (1.3–2.1)

1.5 (1.2–1.9)

1.5 (1.1–1.9)

 Age (years)d

  

P = 0.07

P = 0.04

P = 0.04

  <35

31

12.4 (10.0–15.2)

1

1

1

  35–44

39

15.1 (12.8–17.9)

1.2 (1.0–1.5)

1.2 (1.0–1.5)

1.2 (1.0–1.5)

  ≥45

50

14.0 (11.5–17.1)

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

1.1 (0.8–1.4)

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

 Sex

  

P = 0.83

P = 0.46

P = 0.63

  Male

 

14.4 (11.4–18.1)

1

1

1

  Female

 

13.9 (12.2–16.0)

1.0 (0.7–1.3)

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

 SES

  

P < 0.001

P = 0.002

P = 0.003

  Low

 

16.1 (13.6–19.0)

1.8 (1.3–2.4)

1.7 (1.3–2.4)

1.7 (1.2–2.3)

  Middle

 

15.7 (12.8–19.1)

1.7 (1.2–2.4)

1.6 (1.1–2.2)

1.6 (1.1–2.2)

  High

 

9.0 (6.9–11.8)

1

1

1

 Baseline CD4 countd

 

P = 0.63

P = 0.88

P = 0.98

  <350

310

13.3 (10.4–16.9)

1

1

1

  350–499

422

13.1 (10.7–16.1)

1.0 (0.7–1.3)

1.0 (0.7–1.3)

1.0 (0.7–1.4)

  ≥500

634

14.7 (12.1–18.0)

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

1.0 (0.8–1.4)

1.0 (0.6–1.5)

Factors during follow-up

 Time since enrolment (years)

 

P < 0.001

 

P < 0.001

  <1

 

17.3 (14.8–20.1)

1.9 (1.4–2.6)

 

1.9 (1.4–2.7)

  1–2

 

13.1 (10.8–15.7)

1.4 (1.0–2.0)

 

1.5 (1.0–2.1)

  ≥2

 

9.0 (6.7–12.1)

1

 

1

 BMI (kg/m2)

  

P = 0.01

 

P = 0.02

  <18.5

 

10.0 (6.9–14.4)

0.6 (0.4–0.9)

 

0.6 (0.4–0.9)

  18–24.9

 

15.8 (13.8–18.1)

1

 

1

  ≥25

 

11.6 (8.9–15.0)

0.7 (0.5–1.0)

 

0.8 (0.6–1.0)

 Bed net use

  

P = 0.05

 

P = 0.14

  ≥90 % of visits

 

13.2 (11.6–15.1)

1

 

1

  <90 % of visits

 

17.5 (13.7–22.3)

1.3 (1.0–1.7)

 

1.2 (0.9–1.6)

  1. aRates and rate ratios estimated from random effects Poisson regression
  2. bAdjusted for enrolment site, age at enrolment, sex, SES and baseline CD4 count
  3. cAdjusted for all covariates in footnote b, and time since enrolment, current BMI and bednet use
  4. dContinuous covariates (CD4 count and age) were modelled by restricted cubic splines with 4 knots. Rates are estimated at the median value in each range; the median value in the lowest range is used as the reference to estimate the rate ratios. P value is for overall association with covariate from likelihood ratio test