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Table 1 Distribution of household characteristics, and control and management strategies of malaria in Bura (N = 114) and Ijara (N = 220)

From: A comparison of malaria prevalence, control and management strategies in irrigated and non-irrigated areas in eastern Kenya

Variable

Levels

Bura irrigation

Ijara pastoral

Proportion test

n

%

n

%

p value*

Respondent’s sex

Male

62

54.4

140

63.6

0.10

Female

52

45.6

80

36.4

0.10

Occupation of household head

Farmer

91

79.8

0

0.0

0.00

Pastoralist

31

27.2

193

87.7

0.00

Small business

4

3.5

9

4.1

0.80

Casual labour

2

1.8

3

1.4

0.78

Animal kept within compound

Yes

108

94.7

202

91.8

0.33

No

6

5.3

18

8.2

0.33

Main floor material

Earth

108

94.7

198

90.0

0.14

Cement

6

5.3

13

5.91

0.81

Main roof material

Iron sheets

72

63.2

17

7.73

0.00

Grass

30

26.3

179

81.4

0.00

Others such as nylon papers, clothes, no roof

12

10.5

24

10.9

0.91

Main wall material

Mud and wood

61

53.5

4

1.8

0.00

Grass

22

19.3

148

67.3

0.00

Stone with cement

9

7.9

7

3.2

0.06

Cane/trunks

4

3.5

35

15.9

0.00

Others like bricks, stone with mud and wood planks/shingles

8

7.0

26

11.8

0.17

Main water source

Water canals

80

70.2

0

0.0

0.00

Dams

27

23.7

127

57.7

0.00

Protected well

3

2.6

15

6.8

0.11

Water tankers

3

2.6

0

0.0

0.02

Water pans

0

0.0

44

20.0

0.00

Heard of malaria

Yes

114

100.0

217

98.6

0.21

No

0

0.0

3

1.4

0.21

Cause of malaria

Mosquito bites

109

95.6

215

97.7

0.28

Dirty home surroundings

11

9.7

29

13.2

0.35

Stagnant water

7

6.1

79

35.9

0.00

Taking dirty water

11

9.7

28

12.7

0.42

Others such as dam water, long rains, eating raw food and cold/wet weather

14

12.3

51

23.2

0.02

Malaria transmission

Infectious mosquito bites

35

30.7

9

4.1

0.00

Contact with sick person

4

3.5

0

0.0

0.01

Others like taking contaminated water

2

1.8

3

1.4

0.78

Not transmitted

73

64.0

208

94.6

0.00

Malaria symptoms

Fever

100

87.7

213

96.8

0.00

Headache

86

75.4

139

63.2

0.02

Muscle and joint pain

57

50.0

84

38.2

0.04

Chills/shivering

53

46.5

163

74.1

0.00

Vomiting

51

44.7

108

49.1

0.45

Body weakness/fatigue

46

40.4

87

39.6

0.89

Loss of appetite

38

33.3

109

49.6

0.00

Access to a health facility

Yes

110

96.5

200

90.9

0.06

No

4

3.5

20

9.1

0.06

Distance to the nearest health facility

≤5 km

57

50.0

120

54.5

0.43

>5 km

57

50.0

100

45.5

0.43

Action taken within 1 day of malaria symptoms

Taken to hospital

22

29.3

30

34.1

0.38

AL self-medication at home

15

20.0

3

3.4

0.00

Paracetamol self-medication

14

18.7

11

12.5

0.13

Nothing

13

17.3

19

21.6

0.36

Drugs taken

AL

53

46.5

28

12.7

0.00

Paracetamol

28

24.6

19

8.6

0.00

Quinine

17

14.9

11

5.0

0.00

Fansidar

8

7.0

36

16.4

0.02

Source of health care

Government health facility

88

77.2

196

89.1

0.00

Private health facility

22

19.3

3

1.4

0.00

No health care

4

3.5

20

9.1

0.06

Main source of drugs taken at home

Pharmacy/chemist

18

69.2

12

46.2

0.00

Ordinary shops

5

19.2

11

42.3

0.00

Malaria prevention/control

Use of mosquito nets

108

94.7

158

71.8

0.00

Clearing of bushes and vegetation around houses and canals

18

15.8

51

23.2

0.11

Draining/leveling of breeding sites around house

16

14.0

43

19.6

0.21

Indoor residual spraying

6

5.3

4

1.8

0.08

Taking drugs

5

4.4

139

63.2

0.00

Lighting fires and mosquito coils

4

3.5

18

8.2

0.10

All members used mosquito net last night

Yes

99

86.8

39

17.7

0.00

No

15

13.2

181

82.3

0.00

Sources of mosquito nets

Government health centre

75

65.8

31

14.1

0.00

Government campaigns

27

23.7

8

3.6

0.00

Non-governmental organizations

15

15.8

7

3.2

0.00

Retail shops

9

7.9

67

30.5

0.00

Chemists

3

3.6

0

0.0

0.00

Private clinics

2

2.4

5

2.4

0.99

Indoor residual sprays in the last 12 months

Yes

33

29.0

1

0.5

0.00

No

81

71.0

219

99.5

0.00

  1. AL artemether–lumefantrine
  2. * Two sample test of proportions