Influence of the agrochemicals used for rice and vegetable cultivation on insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in southern Côte d’Ivoire

Table 3 Residues of agrochemicals in both anopheles breeding sites’ water and soil sediments in rice cultivation area in Tiassalé, and vegetable area in Dabou, South Côte d’Ivoire

	Deltaméthrin (pyrethroids)		Chorpyriphos ethyl		Carbofuran (carbamate)		Glyphosate (herbicide)		Atrazine (herbicide)		Carbendazim (fungicide)
	Breeding water	Soil sediment	Breeding water	Soil sediment	Breeding water	Soil sediment	Breeding water	Soil sediment	Breeding water	Soil sediment	Breeding water	Soil sediment
	mg/l	mg/kg	mg/l	mg/kg	mg/l	mg/kg	mg/l	mg/kg	mg/l	mg/kg	mg/l	mg/kg
Tiassalé 1	0.03 ± 0.002	0.02 ± 0.004	0.09 ± 0.004	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Tiassalé 2	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.03 ± 0.002	2.71 ± 0.04	ND	ND
Tiassalé 3	ND	ND	0.93 ± 0.03	ND	0.02 ± 0.006	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.02 ± 0.003
Dabou 1	ND	0.011 ± 0.02	0.17 ± 0.04	ND	0.03 ± 0.002	0.04 ± 0.002	ND	ND	0.72 ± 0.02	ND	0.01 ± 0.005	0.04 ± 0.005
Dabou 2	ND	ND	0.23 ± 0.05	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	2.31 ± 0.004	ND	ND
Dabou 3	ND	ND	0.15 ± 0.04	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
LOD	0.008	0.007	0.007	0.005	0.006	0.003	0.005	0.012	0.006	0.008	0.005	0.002
LOQ	0.024	0.01	0.021	0.015	0.018	0.009	0.015	0.036	0.018	0.024	0.008	0.011