Fig. 3

Density of parasites and gametocytes and association with risk factors. Mean densities (± 95 % CI) of parasitaemia by 18S (grey filled bars) or gametocytaemia by Pfs25 (white open bars) were estimated by GLM, and presented using observed marginals. Left Y axis is parasites/µL, while right Y axis is gametocytes/µL. The brackets indicates the columns compared. Asterisks indicates that the column is significantly different (p < 0.05) than the second column with same colour for all panels. a Density of parasite and gametocyte was lower in individuals >15 years old than young or old children by 18S and Pfs25 (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). b Gametocytaemia density did not differ between anaemic and non-anaemic (NoAnaemia) individuals. c Parasite density was higher in individuals with fever. d There was no associations of ITN use on density of parasitaemia or gametocytaemia. e Parasite density was lower among individuals who had received anti-malarials (AM) in the past 2 weeks, but gametocyte density was not significantly different between receiving AM and not receiving AM (NoAM)