Fig. 1

a Experimental hut used for initial testing of the eave tube prototype. In this picture, the hut has been modified for experiment 1b (testing eave tubes at different heights). The thatch roof was later replaced with metal sheeting (not pictured). b Overview of the semi-field model village showing the six houses. c Rice paddy to mimic common breeding sites for An. arabiensis. d Breeding sites (left arrows) and clay pot resting site (right arrow). e Close-up of resting mosquitoes inside a clay pot. f Diagram of model village showing the type and location of houses, cattle sheds, central walkway, and the zones (indicated with dashed lines) used for larval sampling. Each zone contained 8–9 larval habitats (51 total)