Fig. 4

Plasmatic cytokine profiles in primary malaria vs recurrent malaria. The plasmatic cytokine levels were quantified in patients with primary malaria, recurrent malaria as well as endemic controls, using cytometric bead array as described in “Methods” section. The analysis included: a IL-10; b IL-6; c IL-4; d IFN-γ; e TNF-α and f IL-2. Data are expressed in pg/mL. Multiple comparisons amongst clinical groups were performed by Kruskal–Wallis, followed by Dunn’s post-test. Significance differences are represented by *p < 0.05; **p < 0.005 and ***p < 0.0005