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Table 1 General characteristics

From: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) predicts the occurrence of malaria-induced acute kidney injury

 

AKI n=6

No AKI n=33

P value

Demographic findings

Age, years

43 (29–62)

46 (28–69)

0.89

Male gender

3 (50 %)

30 (91 %)

<0.05

Ethnicity

  

1.00

Caucasian

2 (33 %)

9 (27 %)

1.00

African

4 (67 %)

22 (67 %)

1.00

Asian

0 (0 %)

2 (6 %)

1.00

Adequate prophylaxis use

0 (0 %)

0 (0 %)

1.00

Symptoms ≥8 days

2 (33 %)

6 (19 %)

0.58

Nephrotoxic co-medicationa

1 (17 %)

4 (12 %)

1.00

Clinical findings

Temperature °C

39.5 (38.3–40.1)

38.4 (35.5–40.7)

0.11

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

100 (73–140)

125 (95–170)

0.08

Pulse rate beats/minute

111 (100–140)

95 (56–129)

<0.05

Glasgow coma scale

15 (15–15)

15 (11–15)

0.54

Laboratory findings

Creatinine, µmol/L

196 (77–1081)

96 (39–133)

<0.01

Urea, mmol/L

14.8 (9.1–55.8)

5.6 (2.7–33.6)

<0.001

Sodium, mmol/L

129 (120–136)

137 (127–141)

<0.01

Potassium, mmol/L

3.2 (2.9–3.9)

3.7 (3.3–4.5)

<0.05

Lactate, mmol/L

4.5 (1.9–5.8)

1.5 (0.6–4.6)

<0.001

Parasitaemia, parasites/µL

386,600 (45,900–1,380,600)

39,200 (64–678,400)

<0.05

sNGAL, ng/ml

700 (174–2287)

91 (19–204)

<0.001

uNGAL, ng/ml

5792 (376–22,028)

9 (1–240)

<0.001

uKIM-1, ng/ml

3.9 (1.8–7.8)

1.2 (0.1–8.7)

<0.01

uNGAL/ sNGAL

10.1 (0.4–25.1)

0.1 (0.0–2.6)

<0.001

uNGAL/uCreatinine

815.0 (5.4–2172.7)

0.8 (0.1–42.5)

<0.001

uKIM-1/uCreatinine

0.04 (0.02–0.08)

0.1 (0.0–2.9)

0.04

Concomitant bacterial infection

1 (17 %)

0 (0 %)

0.15

Outcome

Severe malaria (WHO 2014)

5 (83 %)

5 (15 %)

<0.01

Renal replacement therapy

3 (50 %)

0 (0 %)

<0.01

ICU admission

4 (67 %)

4 (12 %)

<0.05

Death

1 (17 %)

0 (0 %)

0.15

  1. Continuous variables are given as median (range). Nominal variables are given as number (percentage)
  2. P values <0.05 are considered significant
  3. aSelf-reported use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ACE-inhibitors, diuretics or lithium