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Table 3 Distribution and associations between epidemiological and operational factors among secondary case and non-secondary case from RACD

From: Malaria risk factor assessment using active and passive surveillance data from Aceh Besar, Indonesia, a low endemic, malaria elimination setting with Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium falciparum

Variable

Non-secondary case

(n = 1489)

Secondary case

(n = 6)

P

No.

(%)

No.

(%)

Socio-demographic

 Age category (years)

  ≤15

481

99.8

1

0.2

0.151

  16–30

362

98.9

4

1.1

  31–45

356

99.7

1

0.3

  46+

290

100

0

0.0

 Gender

  Female

836

100

0

0.0

0.007

  Male

653

99.1

6

0.9

 Education of household head

  No school

40

100

0

0.0

0.450

  Primary school

481

99.8

1

0.2

  Secondary school

670

99.3

5

0.7

  Tertiary school

298

100

0

0.0

 Occupation category

  Unemployed

281

100

0

0.0

0.010

  Not forest-related job

847

99.9

1

0.1

  Forest-related job

361

98.6

5

1.4

 Wealth index ( quintile)

  1st

295

99.7

1

0.3

0.796

  2nd

306

99.7

1

0.3

  3rd

302

99.3

2

0.7

  4th

444

99.8

1

0.2

  5th

142

99.3

1

0.7

 Sub-district

  Lembah Seulawah

525

99.4

3

0.6

0.917

  Kuta Cot Glie

374

99.7

1

0.3

  Lhoong

511

99.6

2

0.4

  Indrapuri

79

100

0

0.0

  Lhoknga

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

Clinical history

 Reported fever in previous 2 weeks

  No

1445

99.7

4

0.3

0.013

  Yes

44

95.7

2

4.3

Prevention and behaviours

 Travel

  No

1340

99.8

3

0.2

0.016

  Yes

149

98.0

3

2.0

 

 Bed net ownership

  No ITN

499

99.2

4

0.8

0.289

  <1 ITN/2 people

712

99.7

2

0.3

 

  ≥1 ITN/2 people

278

100

0

0.0

 

 Slept under bed net previous night

  No

658

99.3

5

0.7

0.094

  Yes

831

99.9

1

0.1

 

 House spraying in previous 1 year

  No

1381

99.6

6

0.4

0.493

  Yes

108

100

0

0.0

 

 Slept outside house last night

  No

1459

99.6

6

0.4

0.725

  Yes

30

100

0

0.0

 

Forest exposure and environment

 Workplace near or in forest

  No

1027

100

0

0.0

<0.0001

  Yes, overnights not required

273

100

0

0.0

 

  Yes, overnights required

189

96.9

6

3.1

 

  Distance workplace to forest (n = 462)

   In forest

209

97.2

6

2.8

0.085

   <1 km

191

100

0

0.0

 

   1–5 km

59

100

0

0.0

 

   >5–10 km

3

100

0

0.0

 

 Visited forest in the last month

  No

1241

99.9

1

0.1

0.001

  Yes

248

98.0

5

2.0

 

  Main reason (n = 253)

     

   Residence

108

99.1

1

0.9

0.430

   Work

111

96.5

4

3.5

 

   Other reason

29

100

0

0.0

 

  Median visit (days), range (n = 253)

30 (1–30)

–

14 (4–30)

–

0.596

 Season

  Low transmission

734

99.7

2

0.3

0.688

  High transmission

793

99.5

4

0.5

 

 Reported living near water bodies

  No

633

99.7

2

0.3

0.650

  Yes

856

99.5

4

0.5

 

 Reported living near or in forest

  No

712

99.7

2

0.3

0.689

  Yes

777

99.5

4

0.5

 

 Housing quality

  Good

831

99.6

3

0.4

0.858

  Moderate

335

99.4

2

0.6

 

  Poor

323

99.7

1

0.3

 

RACD and index case level factors

 Distance from home of index case

  At the same house

203

98.1

4

1.9

0.020

  <100 m

926

99.8

2

0.2

 

  100–499 m

319

100

0

0.0

 

  ≥500 m

41

100

0

0.0

 

 Population coverage of RACD

  <90 %

429

99.1

4

0.9

0.062

  ≥90 %

1060

99.8

2

0.2

 

 Time from report of index case to RACD

  At the same day

45

100

0

0.0

0.804

  1–7 days

1388

99.6

6

0.4

 

  >7 days

56

100

0

0.0

 

 Age category of index case (years)

  ≤15

18

100

0

0.0

0.715

  16–30

770

99.5

4

0.5

 

  30–45

655

99.7

2

0.3

 

 Gender of index case

  Female

63

100

0

0.0

0.607

  Male

1426

99.6

6

0.4

 

 Occupation category of index case

  Not forest-related job

393

99.5

2

0.5

0.658

  Forest-related job

1096

99.6

4

0.4

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