The effectiveness of a nationwide universal coverage campaign of insecticide-treated bed nets on childhood malaria in Malawi

Zamawe, Collins O. F.; Nakamura, Kanan; Shibanuma, Akira; Jimba, Masamine

doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1550-9

Table 1 Under five children malaria morbidity in 2012 and 2014 by socio demographic characteristics (weighted, unmatched)

From: The effectiveness of a nationwide universal coverage campaign of insecticide-treated bed nets on childhood malaria in Malawi

Variable name	Category	Year = 2012 (n = 2312)				Year = 2014 (n = 2183)
		Malaria test outcome				Malaria test outcome
		Total	Negative	Positive	p value	Total	Negative	Positive	p value
Age of the child (months)	Mean (SD)	31.4 (15.3)	30.5 (15.2)	34.5 (15.1)	<0.001*	30.9 (15.3)	30.0 (15.5)	35.1 (14.9)	<0.001*
Sex of the child	Female	1001 (52.9 %)	769 (53.0 %)	300 (54.0 %)	0.955**	1111 (50.9 %)	665 (51.5 %)	289 (47.4 %)	0.149**
Sex of the child	Male	892 (47.1 %)	681 (47.0 %)	255 (46.0 %)	0.955**	1072 (49.1 %)	626 (48.5 %)	319 (52.6 %)	0.149**
Area of residence	Rural	2009 (86.9 %)	1211 (83.5 %)	527 (95.0 %)	<0.001*	1862 (85.3 %)	1052 (81.5 %)	582 (95.8 %)	<0.001*
Area of residence	Urban	303 (13.1 %)	239 (16.5 %)	28 (5.0 %)	<0.001*	321 (14.7 %)	239 (18.5 %)	25 (4.2 %)	<0.001*
Cluster attitude (KM)	Mean (SD)	0.9 (0.3)	0.9 (0.3)	0.9 (0.3)	0.169**	0.9 (0.3)	1.0 (0.0)	0.9 (0.0)	0.001*
Child slept under bed net	No	810 (37.9 %)	492 (36.6 %)	228 (44.2 %)	<0.001*	637 (30.6 %)	353 (28.3 %)	224 (39.2 %)	0.016*
Child slept under bed net	Yes	1327 (62.1 %)	852 (63.4 %)	288 (55.8 %)	<0.001*	1444 (69.4 %)	891 (71.7 %)	347 (60.8 %)	0.016*
Sex of household head	Female	497 (21.5 %)	319 (22.0 %)	115 (20.7 %)	0.632**	320 (14.7 %)	194 (15.0 %)	93 (15.4 %)	0.398**
Sex of household head	Male	1815 (78.5 %)	1130 (78.0 %)	440 (79.3 %)	0.632**	1863 (85.3 %)	1098 (85.0 %)	513 (84.6 %)	0.398**
Age of the mother (years)	Mean (SD)	28.4 (6.7)	28.2 (6.5)	28.3 (6.9)	0.863**	28.0 (6.5)	28.1 (6.4)	28.4 (6.7)	0.411**
Wealth index score	Mean (SD)	2.8 (1.4)	3.3 (1.5)	2.5 (1.3)	<0.001*	2.8 (1.4)	3.3 (1.4)	2.5 (1.3)	<0.001*
Mother’s total years of education	Mean (SD)	4.8 (3.6)	5.8 (3.8)	3.9 (3.1)	<0.001*	5.4 (3.7)	6.3 (3.6)	4.7 (3.2)	<0.001*
Number of under five children (mother)	Mean (SD)	1.7 (0.7)	1.7 (0.7)	1.8 (0.7)	0.004*	1.7 (0.7)	1.6 (0.6)	1.7 (0.7)	0.002*
Number of bed nets (household)	Mean (SD)	1.1 (1.0)	1.2 (1.1)	0.9 (0.9)	<0.001*	1.4 (1.1)	1.6 (1.1)	1.4 (1.1)	0.001*
Child’s mother can read	No	846 (36.6 %)	474 (32.7 %)	262 (47.1 %)	<0.001*	682 (31.2 %)	354 (27.4 %)	253 (41.6 %)	<0.001*
Child’s mother can read	Yes	1466 (63.4 %)	976 (67.3 %)	293 (52.9 %)	<0.001*	1501 (68.8 %)	938 (72.6 %)	354 (58.4 %)	<0.001*
Mother heard messages about malaria (<6 weeks ago)	No	1586 (73.4 %)	973 (70.6 %)	407 (81.9 %)	<0.001*	1593 (78.9 %)	938 (76.4 %)	455 (84.5 %)	0.203**
Mother heard messages about malaria (<6 weeks ago)	Yes	574 (26.6 %)	405 (29.4 %)	90 (18.1 %)	<0.001*	427 (21.1 %)	290 (23.6 %)	83 (15.5 %)	0.203**
Mother knowns mosquito bites cause malaria	No	149 (6.9 %)	70 (5.1 %)	54 (10.8 %)	<0.001*	286 (14.2 %)	153 (12.5 %)	94 (17.5 %)	0.084**
Mother knowns mosquito bites cause malaria	yes	2011 (93.1 %)	1307 (94.9 %)	443 (89.2 %)	<0.001*	1734 (85.8 %)	1074 (87.5 %)	444 (82.5 %)	0.084**
Mother knows fever is the main sign of malaria	No	190 (8.8 %)	127 (9.2 %)	32 (6.5 %)	0.082**	266 (13.2 %)	167 (13.6 %)	44 (8.1 %)	0.020*
Mother knows fever is the main sign of malaria	Yes	1970 (91.2 %)	1250 (90.8 %)	464 (93.5 %)	0.082**	1754 (86.8 %)	1060 (86.4 %)	495 (91.9 %)	0.020*
Mother knowns sleeping under ITN prevents Malaria	No	1187 (54.9 %)	755 (54.8 %)	283 (57.0 %)	0.245**	1514 (74.9 %)	890 (72.5 %)	422 (78.5 %)	0.023*
Mother knowns sleeping under ITN prevents Malaria	Yes	973 (45.1 %)	623 (45.2 %)	214 (43.0 %)	0.245**	506 (25.0 %)	337 (27.5 %)	116 (21.5 %)	0.023*
Mother knows mosquito repellant prevents malaria	No	2099 (97.2 %)	1333 (96.8 %)	490 (98.6 %)	0.064**	1991 (98.5 %)	1202 (97.9 %)	537 (99.8 %)	0.017*
Mother knows mosquito repellant prevents malaria	Yes	61 (2.8 %)	11 (3.2 %)	7 (1.4 %)	0.064**	29 (1.5 %)	26 (2.1 %)	1 (0.3 %)	0.017*
Mother knowns mosquito coil prevents malaria	No	2114 (97.9 %)	1343 (97.5 %)	489 (98.5 %)	0.112**	2003 (99.2 %)	1214 (98.9 %)	535 (99.4 %)	0.800**
Mother knowns mosquito coil prevents malaria	Yes	46 (2.1 %)	35 (2.5 %)	7 (1.5 %)	0.112**	17 (0.8 %)	13 (1.1 %)	3 (0.6 %)	0.800**
Mother knowns cutting grass around house prevents malaria	No	1950 (90.3 %)	1238 (89.8 %)	455 (91.6 %)	0.046*	1905 (94.3 %)	1145 (93.3 %)	519 (96.4 %)	0.059**
Mother knowns cutting grass around house prevents malaria	Yes	210 (9.7 %)	140 (10.2 %)	42 (8.4 %)	0.046*	115 (5.7 %)	82 (6.7 %)	19 (3.6 %)	0.059**
Mother knowns children are vulnerable to Malaria	No	275 (12.7 %)	159 (11.6 %)	85 (17.1 %)	0.002*	388 (19.2 %)	232 (18.9 %)	102 (19.0 %)	0.864**
Mother knowns children are vulnerable to Malaria	Yes	1885 (87.3 %)	1218 (88.4 %)	411 (82.9 %)	0.002*	1632 (80.8 %)	995 (88.1 %)	436 (81.0 %)	0.864**

SD standard deviation, KM kilometres, ITN insecticide-treated bed net
* Significant (p ≤ 0.05); ** non significant (p > 0.05)

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