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Fig. 3 | Malaria Journal

Fig. 3

From: The effect of malaria and anti-malarial drugs on skeletal and cardiac muscles

Fig. 3

This figure was modified from Abreu et al. [54]

Hypothetical model of malaria infection. Malarial infection leads to ischemia due to sequestration of red blood cells, inflammation and oxidative stress, which in turn damages skeletal and cardiac muscles. Creatine kinase, myoglobin, troponins and other essential contractile proteins released into the blood stream. While these factors might be used as biomarkers for muscle damage caused by malaria parasites or for the progression or the severity of the disease, they might as indicated by the dotted line create a feedback loop whereas they induce additional damage. Furthermore the toxic effect of Plasmodium is also released in the blood and can re-circulate to induce further damage

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