From: Asymptomatic only at first sight: malaria infection among schoolchildren in highland Rwanda
Variable | No. | Proportion infected (%, n) | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | P | aOR | 95% CI | P | |||
Age (years) | ||||||||
 6 | 132 | 20.5 (27) | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 7 | 243 | 17.7 (43) | 0.84 | 0.61–1.15 | 0.28 | 0.85 | 0.64–1.12 | 0.25 |
 8 | 268 | 20.1 (54) | 0.98 | 0.74–1.31 | 0.90 | 0.88 | 0.66–1.18 | 0.40 |
 9 | 214 | 22.0 (47) | 1.09 | 0.78–1.53 | 0.60 | 1.10 | 0.80–1.49 | 0.56 |
 10 | 232 | 31.5 (73) | 1.79 | 1.24–2.57 | 0.002 | 1.71 | 1.15–2.55 | 0.008 |
Stunting (HAZÂ <Â 2 SD) | ||||||||
 No | 890 | 20.6 (183) | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 189 | 31.2 (59) | 1.75 | 1.22–2.52 | 0.002 | – | – | n.s. |
Residence altitude (m) | ||||||||
 <1700 | 410 | 33.7 (138) | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 1700–1750 | 514 | 19.3 (99) | 0.47 | 0.24–0.93 | 0.0001 | 0.61 | 0.37–1.02 | 0.061 |
 >1750 | 165 | 4.2 (7) | 0.09 | 0.03–0.23 | 0.031 | 0.13 | 0.07–0.23 | <0.0001 |
Maternal education | ||||||||
 None | 175 | 25.9 (47) | 1 |  |  |  | ||
 Primary | 620 | 22.9 (142) | 0.81 | 0.44–1.50 | 0.50 | – | – | n.s. |
 Secondary/tertiary | 102 | 8.8 (9) | 0.26 | 0.12–0.61 | 0.002 | – | – | n.s. |
Paternal education | ||||||||
 None | 92 | 19.6 (18) | 1 |  |  |  | ||
 Primary | 425 | 22.4 (95) | 1.18 | 0.67–2.09 | 0.56 | – | – | n.s. |
 Secondary/tertiary | 91 | 8.8 (9) | 0.4 | 0.16–0.97 | 0.043 | – | – | n.s. |
No. of rooms in household | ||||||||
 1–2 | 575 | 22.4 (129) | 1 |  |  |  | ||
 3–4 | 333 | 26.1 (87) | 1.22 | 0.79–1.90 | 0.37 | – | – | n.s. |
 >4 | 30 | 3.3 (1) | 0.12 | 0.03–0.50 | 0.004 | – | – | n.s. |
Electricity in household | ||||||||
 No | 856 | 25.8 (221) | 1 |  |  | 1 | ||
 Yes | 161 | 5.6 (9) | 0.17 | 0.06–0.50 | 0.001 | 0.31 | 0.14–0.69 | 0.004 |
Floor material | ||||||||
 Plain soil | 766 | 26.8 (205) | 1 |  |  |  | ||
 Else | 245 | 10.2 (25) | 0.31 | 0.18–0.55 | 0.0001 | – | – | n.s. |
Radio in household | ||||||||
 No | 437 | 24.9 (109) | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 577 | 20.6 (119) | 0.78 | 0.55–1.11 | 0.167 | – | – | n.s. |
Bicycle in household | ||||||||
 No | 852 | 24.3 (207) | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 Yes | 163 | 13.5 (22) | 0.49 | 0.30–0.79 | 0.004 | 0.51 | 0.30–0.86 | 0.012 |
TV set in household | ||||||||
 No | 937 | 24.1 (226) | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 77 | 2.6 (2) | 0.08 | 0.03–0.26 | 0.0001 | – | – | n.s. |
Mobile phone in household | ||||||||
 No | 457 | 28.0 (128) | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 556 | 18.0 (100) | 0.56 | 0.35–0.91 | 0.018 | – | – | n.s. |
Ability to pay school fees | ||||||||
 No | 614 | 26.1 (160) | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 309 | 14.9 (46) | 0.50 | 0.30–0.81 | 0.006 | – | – | n.s. |
Ability to pay health insurance | ||||||||
 No | 511 | 28.4 (145) | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 489 | 16.6 (81) | 0.50 | 0.33–0.77 | 0.002 | – | – | n.s. |
Water treatment | ||||||||
 No | 600 | 26.5 (159) | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 353 | 14.4 (51) | 0.47 | 0.29–0.77 | 0.003 | – | – | n.s. |
Child slept under bed net last night | ||||||||
 No | 176 | 30.1 (53) | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 842 | 20.9 (176) | 0.61 | 0.35–1.07 | 0.084 | – | – | n.s. |
Child attended health facility within preceding 2Â weeks | ||||||||
 No | 805 | 20.6 (166) | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 214 | 31.8 (68) | 1.79 | 1.42–2.26 | 0.0001 | – | – | n.s. |
Child received any malaria treatment within preceding month | ||||||||
 No | 840 | 17.6 (148) | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 Yes | 160 | 50.0 (80) | 4.68 | 2.67–8.19 | 0.0001 | 3.07 | 1.93–4.89 | <0.0001 |
Time to reach next health centre (min) | ||||||||
 <30 | 255 | 14.9 (38) | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
 >30 | 762 | 25.3 (193) | 1.94 | 0.95–3.93 | 0.067 | – | – | n.s. |