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Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with Plasmodium infection (PCR) among Rwandan schoolchildren

From: Asymptomatic only at first sight: malaria infection among schoolchildren in highland Rwanda

Variable

No.

Proportion infected (%, n)

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analysis

OR

95% CI

P

aOR

95% CI

P

Age (years)

 6

132

20.5 (27)

1

  

1

  

 7

243

17.7 (43)

0.84

0.61–1.15

0.28

0.85

0.64–1.12

0.25

 8

268

20.1 (54)

0.98

0.74–1.31

0.90

0.88

0.66–1.18

0.40

 9

214

22.0 (47)

1.09

0.78–1.53

0.60

1.10

0.80–1.49

0.56

 10

232

31.5 (73)

1.79

1.24–2.57

0.002

1.71

1.15–2.55

0.008

Stunting (HAZ < 2 SD)

 No

890

20.6 (183)

1

     

 Yes

189

31.2 (59)

1.75

1.22–2.52

0.002

–

–

n.s.

Residence altitude (m)

 <1700

410

33.7 (138)

1

  

1

  

 1700–1750

514

19.3 (99)

0.47

0.24–0.93

0.0001

0.61

0.37–1.02

0.061

 >1750

165

4.2 (7)

0.09

0.03–0.23

0.031

0.13

0.07–0.23

<0.0001

Maternal education

 None

175

25.9 (47)

1

   

 Primary

620

22.9 (142)

0.81

0.44–1.50

0.50

–

–

n.s.

 Secondary/tertiary

102

8.8 (9)

0.26

0.12–0.61

0.002

–

–

n.s.

Paternal education

 None

92

19.6 (18)

1

   

 Primary

425

22.4 (95)

1.18

0.67–2.09

0.56

–

–

n.s.

 Secondary/tertiary

91

8.8 (9)

0.4

0.16–0.97

0.043

–

–

n.s.

No. of rooms in household

 1–2

575

22.4 (129)

1

   

 3–4

333

26.1 (87)

1.22

0.79–1.90

0.37

–

–

n.s.

 >4

30

3.3 (1)

0.12

0.03–0.50

0.004

–

–

n.s.

Electricity in household

 No

856

25.8 (221)

1

  

1

 Yes

161

5.6 (9)

0.17

0.06–0.50

0.001

0.31

0.14–0.69

0.004

Floor material

 Plain soil

766

26.8 (205)

1

   

 Else

245

10.2 (25)

0.31

0.18–0.55

0.0001

–

–

n.s.

Radio in household

 No

437

24.9 (109)

1

     

 Yes

577

20.6 (119)

0.78

0.55–1.11

0.167

–

–

n.s.

Bicycle in household

 No

852

24.3 (207)

1

  

1

  

 Yes

163

13.5 (22)

0.49

0.30–0.79

0.004

0.51

0.30–0.86

0.012

TV set in household

 No

937

24.1 (226)

1

     

 Yes

77

2.6 (2)

0.08

0.03–0.26

0.0001

–

–

n.s.

Mobile phone in household

 No

457

28.0 (128)

1

     

 Yes

556

18.0 (100)

0.56

0.35–0.91

0.018

–

–

n.s.

Ability to pay school fees

 No

614

26.1 (160)

1

     

 Yes

309

14.9 (46)

0.50

0.30–0.81

0.006

–

–

n.s.

Ability to pay health insurance

 No

511

28.4 (145)

1

     

 Yes

489

16.6 (81)

0.50

0.33–0.77

0.002

–

–

n.s.

Water treatment

 No

600

26.5 (159)

1

     

 Yes

353

14.4 (51)

0.47

0.29–0.77

0.003

–

–

n.s.

Child slept under bed net last night

 No

176

30.1 (53)

1

     

 Yes

842

20.9 (176)

0.61

0.35–1.07

0.084

–

–

n.s.

Child attended health facility within preceding 2 weeks

 No

805

20.6 (166)

1

     

 Yes

214

31.8 (68)

1.79

1.42–2.26

0.0001

–

–

n.s.

Child received any malaria treatment within preceding month

 No

840

17.6 (148)

1

  

1

  

 Yes

160

50.0 (80)

4.68

2.67–8.19

0.0001

3.07

1.93–4.89

<0.0001

Time to reach next health centre (min)

 <30

255

14.9 (38)

1

     

 >30

762

25.3 (193)

1.94

0.95–3.93

0.067

–

–

n.s.

  1. OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; aOR, adjusted odds ratio, adjusted for all other factors shown in table and taking into account cluster effects