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Table 2 Mortality rates of female Anopheles gambiae s.l. tested for insecticide resistance to six insecticides in 2011 and 2013 in 12 sentinel sites in Rwanda

From: Susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae to insecticides used for malaria vector control in Rwanda

Insecticide

2011

2013

Site

N

# Replicates

Mortality (%)

N

# Replicates

Mortality (%)

χ2 value

p value

Lambdacyhalothrin 0.05%

Bukora

86

4

99 ± 1

100

4

63 ± 5

51.3

<0.001*

 

Busoro

82

4

100

200

8

72 ± 3

77.78

<0.001*

 

Karambi

84

4

100

99

4

93 ± 3

7.53

0.006*

 

Kibogora

81

4

99 ± 1

100

4

85 ± 4

13.29

<0.001*

 

Kicukiro

82

4

100

191

8

75 ± 3

64.112

<0.001*

 

Kivumu

82

4

100

100

4

100

  
 

Mareba

88

4

100

100

4

43 ± 5

132.1

<0.001*

 

Mashesha

92

4

98 ± 1

94

4

87 ± 3

8.37

0.04*

 

Mbuga

81

4

100

97

4

95 ± 2

5.27

0.02*

 

Mimuri

85

4

100

100

4

57 ± 5

75.44

<0.001*

 

Mubuga

83

4

100

85

4

98 ± 2

2.05

0.15

 

Rukara

82

4

100

100

4

78 ± 4

28.02

0.000*

Permethrin 0.75%

Bukora

85

4

84 ± 4

200

8

84 ± 3

0.1

0.92

 

Busoro

100

4

100

100

4

95 ± 2

5.26

0.02*

 

Karambi

88

4

91 ± 3

99

4

91 ± 3

0

0.98

 

Kibogora

84

4

89 ± 3

100

4

92 ± 3

0.367

0.54

 

Kicukiro

83

4

99 ± 3

97

4

97 ± 2

0.772

0.38

 

Kivumu

80

4

100

100

4

100

  
 

Mareba

92

4

99

100

4

63 ± 5

53.9

<0.001*

 

Mashesha

183

8

96 ± 3

94

4

90 ± 3

3.04

0.08

 

Mbuga

87

4

95 ± 3

97

4

100

  
 

Mimuri

87

4

86 ± 4

100

4

66 ± 5

11.03

<0.001*

 

Mubuga

90

4

97 ± 2

85

4

94 ± 3

0.72

0.39

 

Rukara

86

4

84 ± 5

100

4

92 ± 3

2.95

0.09

Deltamethrin 0.05%

Bukora

168

8

85 ± 3

97

4

74 ± 4

3.85

0.05

 

Busoro

84

4

100

200

8

88 ± 2

28.57

<0.001*

 

Karambi

82

4

99 ± 1

100

4

97 ± 1

0.72

0.4

 

Kibogora

83

4

93 ± 3

97

4

89 ± 3

0.92

0.34

 

Kicukiro

86

4

90 ± 3

194

4

82 ± 3

3.1

0.08

 

Kivumu

85

4

100

100

4

100

  
 

Mareba

97

4

99

100

4

67 ± 5

45.1

<0.001*

 

Mashesha

99

4

99 ± 2

95

4

97 ± 2

1.22

0.27

 

Mbuga

89

4

97 ± 2

86

4

100

2.05

0.15

 

Mimuri

86

4

98 ± 2

100

4

81 ± 4

15.42

<0.001*

 

Mubuga

90

4

99

90

4

98 ± 2

1.34

0.56

 

Rukara

87

4

94.5 ± 2

100

4

90 ± 2

1.37

0.24

DDT 4%

Bukora

86

4

77 ± 5

94

n/a

n/a

  
 

Busoro

84

4

100

100

4

89 ± 3

12.36

<0.001*

 

Karambi

86

4

95 ± 2

95

4

87 ± 3

3.8

0.05*

 

Kibogora

84

4

75 ± 2

0

4

n/a

  
 

Kicukiro

83

4

52 ± 6

93

4

43 ± 5

1.37

0.242

 

Kivumu

88

4

95 ± 2

100

4

100

4.2

0.04*

 

Mareba

88

4

99

100

4

81 ± 4

19.9

<0.001*

 

Mashesha

94

4

88 ± 3

99

4

70 ± 3

14.07

0.001*

 

Mbuga

83

4

100

84

4

96 ± 2

3.11

0.08

 

Mimuri

85

4

95 ± 2

100

4

76 ± 5

13.22

<0.001*

 

Mubuga

90

4

96 ± 2

89

4

96 ± 2

0.000

0.99

 

Rukara

n/a

n/a

n/a

100

4

94 ± 2

  

Bendiocarb 0.1%

Bukora

87

4

100

100

4

91 ± 3

8.81

0.003*

 

Busoro

88

4

100

100

4

100

  
 

Karambi

84

4

99 ± 1

83

4

98 ± 1

0.202

0.65

 

Kibogora

83

4

96 ± 2

97

4

100

3.11

0.08

 

Kicukiro

93

4

100

96

4

100

  
 

Kivumu

82

4

100

100

4

96 ± 2

3.1

0.08

 

Mareba

87

4

100

100

4

100

  
 

Mashesha

93

4

100

100

4

100

  
 

Mbuga

86

4

99

88

4

100

1.01

0.31

 

Mimuri

83

4

100

88

4

100

  
 

Mubuga

91

4

100

81

4

100

  
 

Rukara

86

4

99

96

4

100

  

Fenitrothion 1%

Bukora

83

4

100

97

4

100

  
 

Busoro

93

4

100

100

4

100

  
 

Karambi

82

4

100

94

4

100

  
 

Kibogora

81

4

n/a

90

4

100

  
 

Kicukiro

85

4

100

98

4

100

  
 

Kivumu

84

4

100

100

4

100

  
 

Mareba

84

4

100

100

4

100

  
 

Mashesha

183

8

100

100

4

100

  
 

Mbuga

81

4

100

192

8

100

  
 

Mimuri

82

4

100

88

4

100

  
 

Mubuga

82

4

100

88

4

100

  
 

Rukara

82

4

100

100

4

100

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