Fig. 2

Malaria time scale and contributing biological factors. a Contour lines of malaria time scale, T_o. Contour lines of T_o were drawn at intervals of 25 days from T_o = 50 to 100, of 50 days from T_o = 100 to 200, and of 100 days beyond that. Beyond the blue line, T_o become infinite, where the system stabilises at \({\hat{\text{R}}}_{\text{o}} < 1\). Y_dist was set constant at 50 m. b Characteristic biological time scale. Average larval development time (aquatic stage life time from eggs to adult emergence) (blue), adult life span (red), and parasite development time (EIP) (green) are shown as a function of temperature. c T_o and contributing biological factors at X_dist = 100 m. T_o (black), \({\text{T}}_{\text{o}}^{\text{lrv}}\) (blue), \({\text{T}}_{\text{o}}^{\text{ad}}\) (red), and \({\text{T}}_{\text{o}}^{\text{para}}\) (green) are shown. Y_dist was set at 50 m. d T_o and contributing biological factors at X_dist = 200 m. T_o (black), \({\text{T}}_{\text{o}}^{\text{lrv}}\) (blue), \({\text{T}}_{\text{o}}^{\text{ad}}\) (red), and \({\text{T}}_{\text{o}}^{\text{para}}\) (green) are shown. Y_dist was set at 50 m. T_o (t) = T_o (t^lrv, t^ad, t^para), where t = t^lrv = t^ad = t^para. \({\text{T}}_{\text{o}}^{\text{lrv}} = {\text{T}}_{\text{o}} ({\text{t}},{\text{t}}_{\text{ref}} ,{\text{t}}_{\text{ref}} )\), which is a function of only t^lrv. \({\text{T}}_{\text{o}}^{\text{ad}} = {\text{T}}_{\text{o}} ({\text{t}}_{\text{ref}} ,{\text{t}},{\text{t}}_{\text{ref}} )\), which is a function of only t^ad. \({\text{T}}_{\text{o}}^{\text{para}} = {\text{T}}_{\text{o}} \left( {{\text{t}}_{\text{ref}} ,{\text{t}}_{\text{ref}} ,{\text{t}}} \right)\), which is a function of only t^para. t^lrv, t^ad, and t^para are temperatures that affects aquatic stage development, adult longevity, and parasite development, respectively. t_ref is a reference temperature set at 27 °C