Characterizing the impact of sustained sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine use upon the Plasmodium falciparum population in Malawi

Table 2 Drug resistance allele frequencies

SNP	Malawi	Other East Africa	DRC	West Africa	South Asia	South East Asia	South America
Sample size	220	33	56	430	54	1133	21
dhps
S436A	0.005	0.061	0.107	0.505	0.509	0.313	0
A437G	0.998	0.894	0.902	0.735	0.843	0.971	0.286
K540E	0.995	0.894	0.063	0.014	0.778	0.477	0.190
A581G	0.027	0.091	0.027	0.002	0.156	0.407	0.238
dhfr
N51I	0.991	0.909	0.982	0.658	0.471	0.897	0.381
C59R	0.991	0.939	0.821	0.745	0.972	0.996	0
S108N	1	1	1	0.781	1	0.998	0.952
I164L	0	0	0	0	0.167	0.438	0
Double dhfr mutant ^a	1	1	1	0.728	0.982	0.995	0.381
Triple dhfr mutant ^b	0.977	0.848	0.750	0.563	0.392	0.887	0
Quadruple dhfr Mutant ^c	0	0	0	0	0.167	0.438	0
dhfr-dhps
Quintuple genotype ^d	0.968	0.788	0.036	0.007	0.278	0.421	0
Quintuple + dhfr I164L	0	0	0	0	0.130	0.266	0
Quintuple + dhps A581G	0.027	0.091	0.027	0	0.111	0.198	0
crt
K76T	0	0.485	0.661	0.416	0.889	0.960	1.000
Q271E	0	0.485	0.643	0.430	0.907	0.935	0
N326S	0	0	0	0.002	0.241	0.630	0
I356T	0	0	0.196	0.140	0.833	0.652	0
kelch13
K189T	0.091	0.061	0.196	0.502	0.130	0.007	0.714
K189 N	0.005	0	0	0.026	0	0	0
Y493H	0	0	0	0	0	0.044	0
C580Y	0	0	0	0	0	0.224	0
gch1
Promoter duplication	0.968	0	0.446	0.251	0.037	0.003	0
Whole gene duplication	0	0	0.020	0.023	0.111	0.076	0

ISSN: 1475-2875