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Table 3 Co-association frequencies of dhfr mutations and gch1 duplications

From: Characterizing the impact of sustained sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine use upon the Plasmodium falciparum population in Malawi

dhfr mutantsa

gch1 duplication

dhps mutantsb

Malawi

Other East Africa

DRC

West Africa

South Asia

Southeast Asia

South America

None

None

None

0

0

0

0.067

0

0.002

0.048

None

None

Single

0

0

0

0.095

0

0

0

Single

None

None

0

0

0

0.002

0.019

0.002

0.524

Single

None

Single

0

0

0

0.040

0

0

0.048

Double

None

None

0

0.030

0.018

0.030

0.019

0.031

0.143

Double

None

Single

0

0

0.071

0.112

0.019

0.028

0

Double

None

Double

0.005

0.121

0

0.002

0.278

0.021

0.143

Double

Promoter

None

0

0

0

0.002

0

0

0

Double

Promoter

Single

0

0

0.054

0.028

0

0

0

Double

Promoter

Double

0.009

0

0

0

0

0

0

Double

Gene

Single

0

0

0

0.005

0

0

0

Double

Gene

Double

0

0

0

0

0.037

0.001

0

Triple

None

None

0

0.061

0.036

0.086

0.019

0.078

0

Triple

None

Single

0

0

0.393

0.328

0.056

0.190

0.048

Triple

None

Double

0.032

0.788

0.036

0.005

0.389

0.185

0.048

Triple

Promoter

None

0

0

0.036

0.012

0

0

0

Triple

Promoter

Single

0

0

0.304

0.160

0

0

0

Triple

Promoter

Double

0.950

0

0.054

0.009

0

0

0

Triple

Gene

Single

0

0

0

0.014

0

0.007

0

Triple

Gene

Double

0

0

0

0

0

0.006

0

Quadruple

None

None

0

0

0

0

0.019

0.004

0

Quadruple

None

Single

0

0

0

0

0.019

0.144

0

Quadruple

None

Double

0

0

0

0

0.093

0.244

0

Quadruple

Gene

Single

0

0

0

0

0

0.014

0

Quadruple

Gene

Double

0

0

0

0

0.037

0.042

0

  1. Frequencies greater than 0.2 are shown in italics
  2. a dhfr mutant haplotypes: double—any two of dhfr N51I, C59R or S108N; triple—dhfr N51I, C59R and S108N; quadruple—dhfr triple mutant haplotype with I164L; DRC Democratic Republic of Congo
  3. b dhps double mutant haplotypes consist of dhps A437G and K540E