Fig. 4

Spatial analyses of household-averaged, age-adjusted antibody responses to PfAMA-1 (a) and PfMSP-1₁₉ (b) across the Ba-Phalaborwa and Bushbuckridge study sites. Age-adjusted antibody responses were derived from log-transformed PfAMA-1/PfMSP-1₁₉ normalized OD values adjusted at 30 years. The resultant residual values were categorized as: as ‘lower than average’ (−2.370 to −0.499), ‘average’ (−0.500 to 0.500), ‘slightly higher than average’ (0.501–1.250), ‘higher than average’ (1.251–2.000) and ‘much higher than average’ (2.001–2.936). Statistically significant clusters (p-values < 0.05) of higher than average age-adjusted PfAMA-1/PfMSP-1₁₉ antibody responses are also shown