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Table 1 Demographic characteristics and risk factors associated with P. falciparum seroprevalence

From: Serology reveals heterogeneity of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in northeastern South Africa: implications for malaria elimination

Risk factor

Total

P. falciparum seropositive

Unadjusted

Adjusted

%n

n

%n

n

%n 95% CI

ORa

95% CI

p value

ORb

95% CI

p-value

Age (years)

 2–5

8.8

394

4.6

18

2.9–7.1

0.21

0.12–0.35

<0.001

0.22

0.13–0.38

<0.001

 6–15

10.7

481

10

48

7.6–13.0

0.48

0.34–0.69

<0.001

0.52

0.36–0.75

0.001

 16–40

45.8

2050

12.8

263

11.5–14.4

0.71

0.58–0.88

0.002

0.71

0.58–0.89

0.002

 ≥ 41

34.7

1552

17.1

266

15.4–19.1

1

  

1

  

Gender

 Male

30.3

1357

10.7

145

9.2–12.4

0.67

0.54–0.84

<0.001

0.77

0.62–0.97

0.057

 Female

69.7

3120

14.4

450

13.2–15.7

1

  

1

  

Education status

 Primary and below

49.5

2218

13.6

302

12.3–15.1

1

  

1

  

 Secondary and above

50.5

2259

13

293

11.7–14.4

0.89

0.73–1.08

0.239

0.72

0.56–0.95

0.018

Employment status

 Unemployment

86.7

3881

13.1

508

12.1–14.2

0.36

0.11–1.19

0.094

   

 Some employment

0.5

21

19.1

4

7.67–40.0

1

     

 Full employment

12.8

575

14.4

83

11.8–17.5

0.42

0.12–1.44

0.168

   

Household IRS between Aug 2014 and Feb 2015

 Yes

45.4

2034

11.8

239

10.4–13.2

0.93

0.73–1.18

0.537

   

 No

53.1

2375

14.8

351

13.4–16.3

1

     

 Not sure

1.5

68

7.4

5

3.18–16.1

1.05

0.40–2.81

0.916

   

Travel outside S. Africa in the past 6 months

 Yes

1.5

65

21.5

14

13.3–33.0

1

     

 No

98.5

4412

13.2

581

12.2–14.2

0.63

0.31–1.26

0.190

   

Outdoor nightime activity last night

 Yes

21.1

945

12.4

117

10.4–14.6

1

     

 No

78.9

3532

13.5

478

12.4–14.7

0.90

0.68–1.19

0.464

   

Household elevation (m)

 350–450

41.4

1855

9.1

168

7.8–10.5

0.57

0.32–0.99

0.057

   

 451–550

18.3

818

18.1

148

15.6–20.9

1

     

 551–650

29.0

1296

18.1

235

16.1–20.3

1.06

0.64–1.77

0.823

   

 651–750

11.4

508

8.7

44

6.5–11.4

1.01

0.49–2.08

0.969

   

Study site

 Ba-Phalaborwa

35.3

1580

6.8

107

5.6–8.1

0.23

0.09–0.63

0.004

0.26

0.10–0.74

0.012

 Bushbuckridge

64.7

2897

16.9

488

15.5–18.2

1

  

1

  

Total

100

4477

13.3

595

12.3–14.3

      
  1. Seropositivity to either PfAMA-1 and/or PfMSP-119 across the study sites of Ba-Phalaborwa and Bushbuckridge. Individual level data: age, gender, education status and employment status. Household level data: household IRS between August 2014 and February 2015, travel outside South Africa in the past 6 months, outdoor activity last night and household elevation
  2. aAdjusted for correlation at the study ward level
  3. bAdjusted for Age, gender, study site and correlation at the study ward level
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Malaria Journal

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