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Table 5 Simple and multiple linear regression analysis of factors associated with haemoglobin and log parasitaemia in malaria positive children

From: Assessing the impact of differences in malaria transmission intensity on clinical and haematological indices in children with malaria

 

Haemoglobin level in g/dL

Log parasite density

β* (95% CI β*)

P value

β** (95% CI β**)

P value

β* (95% CI β*)

P value

β** (95% CI β**)

P value

Age

0.21 (0.16, 0.25)

<0.0001

0.19 (0.14, 0.24)

<0.001

−0.07 (−0.09, −0.03)

<0.0001

−0.07 (−0.10, −0.05)

0.002

Sex

 Male

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Female

−0.29 (−0.61,0.03)

0.079

−0.30 (−0.61, −0.01)

0.055

−0.09 (−0.25, 0.07)

0.267

−0.01 (−0.17, 0.15)

0.896

Ecological zones

 Accra

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Navrongo

−0.69 (−1.11, −0.34)

<0.001

0.10 (−0.54, 0.73)

0.769

0.29 (0.11, 0.51)

0.003

0.30 (−0.03, 0.63)

0.070

 Kintampo

−0.90 (−1.26, −0.52)

<0.001

−0.27 (−0.92, 0.38)

0.418

0.31 (0.11, 0.46)

0.002

0.41(0.08, 0.75)

0.014

Mother’s education

 None

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

Ref

  

 Primary

−0.13 (−0.36, 0.62)

0.603

−0.49 (−1.00, 0.03)

0.064

−0.28 (−0.50, −0.02)

<0.050

−0.10 (−0.34, 0.20)

0.447

 Middle

0.30 (−0.43, 1.03)

0.425

−0.60 (−1.31, 0.12)

0.104

−0.11 (−0.47, 0.26)

0.563

0.05 (−0.32, 0.43)

0.776

 JHS

0.39 (−0.02, 0.79)

0.062

−0.32 (−0.79, 0.15)

0.184

−0.10 (−0.29, 0.10)

0.348

0.03 (−0.20, 0.29)

0.799

 Vocation

0.80 (−0.33, 1.94)

0.165

−0.56 (−1.70, 0.59)

0.339

−0.23 (−0.81, 0.35)

0.432

0.16 (−0.43, 0.75)

0.603

 Secondary

0.70 (−0.15, 1.24)

0.012

−0.40 (−1.05, 0.25)

0.223

−0.08 (−0.35, 0.19)

0.571

0.01 (−0.32, 0.35)

0.999

 Tertiary

1.00 (−0.13, 2.14)

0.083

−0.57 (−1.95, 0.81)

0.416

−0.06 (−0.62, 0.50)

0.830

−0.22 (−0.91, 0.51)

0.551

Father’s education

 None

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Primary

0.24 (−0.32, 0.79)

0.400

0.27 (−0.27, 0.81)

0.326

0.02 (−0.26, 0.29)

0.991

0.04 (−0.24, 0.32)

0.790

 Middle

1.01 (0.51, 1.64)

<0.0001

0.77 (0.18, 1.36)

0.010

0.12 (−0.19, 0.43)

0.666

0.12 (−0.19, 0.43)

0.436

 JHS

0.64 (0.17, 1.12)

<0.0001

0.35 (−0.20, 0.91)

0.212

−0.10 (−0.39, 0.19)

0.034

−0.11 (−0.39, 0.17)

0.442

 Vocation

0.21 (−1.27, 1.69)

0.780

0.74 (−0.67, 2.16)

0.304

−0.79 (−1.52, 0.06)

0.299

−0.78 (−1.51, −0.05)

0.036

 Secondary

1.05 (0.60, 1.51)

<0.0001

0.64 (0.10, 1.18)

0.021

0.03 (−0.26, 0.31)

0.397

0.04 (−0.24, 0.32)

0.770

 Tertiary

1.12 (0.56, 1.68)

<0.0001

0.43 (−0.41, 1.27)

0.318

0.17 (−0.26, 0.61)

0.456

0.18 (−0.25, 0.62)

0.406

Mother’s occupation

 Unemployed

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Farmer

−0.60 (−1.17, −0.03)

0.041

−0.18 (−0.79, 0.43)

0.558

0.26 (−0.02, 0.55)

0.070

0.14 (−0.18, 0.45)

0.390

 Teacher

0.82 (0.20, 1.41)

0.114

1.27 (0.23, 2.31)

0.017

0.38 (−0.12, 0.89)

0.138

0.49 (−0.05, 1.03)

0.074

 Trader

0.47 (−0.07, 1.0)

0.088

0.41 (−0.12, 0.94)

0.127

0.12 (−0.14, 0,39)

0.368

0.17 (−0.10, 0.45)

0.208

 Other

0.14 (−0.47, 0.75)

0.654

0.18 (−0.45, 0.81)

0.567

0.17 (−0.14, 0.48)

0.276

0.18 (−0.11, 0.53)

0.204

Father’s occupation

 Unemployed

Ref

   

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Farmer

0.28 (−0.815, 1.38)

0.613

1.32 (0.08, 2.56)

0.037

0.15 (−0.41, 0.71)

0.602

0.08 (−0.56, 0.72)

0.807

 Teacher

1.41 (0.22, 2.60

0.020

1.84 (0.48, 3.20)

0.008

−0.01 (−0.61, 0.63)

0.983

−0.08 (−0.79, 0.62)

0.818

 Trader

0.67 (−0.46, 1.80)

0.247

1.33 (0.09, 2.57)

0.036

−0.01 (−0.59, 0.58)

0.990

0.01 (−0.64, 0.65)

0.909

 Other

1.00 (−0.11, 2.10)

0.077

1.24 (0.01, 2.46)

0.048

0.02 (−0.55, 0.58)

0.959

0.13 (−0.51, 0.76)

0.456

 Professional

0.91 (−0.31, 2.14)

0.143

1.24 (−0.16, 2.65)

0.082

−0.06 (−0.70, 0.58)

0.863

−0.07 (−0.79, 0.66)

0.955

Cement block house

 Yes

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

   

 No

−0.40 (−0.72, −0.0)

0.015

−0.07 (−0.44, 0.30)

0.707

−0.11 (−0.05, 0.26)

0.190

0.20 (−0.01, 0.39)

0.045

Thatched house

 Yes

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

   

 No

0.64 (0.33, 0.96)

<0.0001

0.17 (−0.24, 0.57)

0.420

−0.03 (−0.19, 0.12)

0.696

0.10(−0.11, 0.31)

0.356

Mosquito control measures

 Bed net use

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 No bed net use

0.69 (0.36, 1.02)

<0.0001

0.30 (−0.09, 0.69)

0.131

−0.40 (−0.56, −0.24)

<0.001

−0.32 (−0.52, −0.12)

0.002

Own farm

 Yes

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 No

0.83 (0.502, 1.16)

<0.0001

0.03 (−0.44, 0.49)

0.917

−0.14 (−0.30, 0.03)

0.113

0.21 (−0.03, 0.44)

0.092

Clinical factors

 Parasite density (parasites/µL)

−1 × 10−6 (−2 × 10−6, −1 × 10−7)

0.003

1 × 10−7 (−1.6 × 10−6, 1 × 10−7)

0.593

N/A

N/A

  

Haemoglobin type

 AA

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 AS

0.48 (−0.06, 1.02)

0.084

0.61 (0.053, 1.16)

0.032

−0.157 (−0.43, 0.11)

0.254

−0.20 (−0.48, 0.09)

0.177

 AC

−0.01 (−0.55, 0.53)

0.972

0.06 (−0.46, 0.59)

0.813

0.192 (−0.08, 0.46)

0.158

0.24 (−0.03, 0.51)

0.085

  1. N/A is Not Applicable
  2. Ref represent the reference category
  3. β* (95% CI β*) and β** (95% CI β**) represent unadjusted and adjusted regression coefficient and their confidence intervals respectively