Skip to main content

Table 1 Summary of experimental hut trials demonstrating the impact of insecticide-treated housing materials on malaria vector control

From: Insecticide-treated durable wall lining (ITWL): future prospects for control of malaria and other vector-borne diseases

Field site, country, trial type

Intervention(s)

Insecticide (dosage)

Intervention coverage

Control(s) (dosage)

Major malaria vector speciesresistance status

Entomological parametersb

References

Mortality

Deterrence

Exiting rates

Blood feeding inhibition

Personal protection

Impact on insecticide resistance

Afghan refugee camp, Pakistan, experimental platforms

Impregnated polythene tarpaulins

Deltamethrin

Full coveragea

Untreated polythene tarpaulin

An. subpictus ND, An. stephensi ND

High mosquito mortality (86–100%); no significant differences between interventions

ND

ND

No impact on blood feeding (~20% for all interventions)

ND

ND

[36]

(45 mg/m2)

Sprayed polythene tarpaulins

(30 mg/m2)

Impregnated polythene tents

(45 mg/m2)

Afghan refugee camp, Pakistan, experimental platforms

Polyethylene canvas

Deltamethrin (ND)

Full coverage

Untreated canvas tent

Anophelines (spp. grouped)ND

Increased mosquito mortality relative to control (51 vs. 26%, respectively)

No significant reduction in mean no. of mosquitoes relative to control (7 vs. 19, respectively)

ND

Reduced blood feeding relative to control (9 vs. 46%, respectively)

ND

ND

[37]

Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, experimental West African huts [50]

Polyethylene sheeting

Permethrin (2% w/w)

Ceiling only

Untreated polyethylene sheeting

An. gambiae r

Mortality correlated with coverage (20% for two walls; 45% for four walls; 46% for four walls + ceiling covered)

Deterrence correlated with coverage (28% for two walls; 43% for four walls; 46% for four walls + ceiling covered)

All treatments highly repellent (induced-exophily 68–78%)

No significant impact on blood feeding; level of inhibition correlated with surface area covered (10% for two walls vs. 27% for four walls + ceiling)

ND

Mortality and blood feeding inhibition kdr r/kdr r < kdr r/kdr s + kdr s/kdr s (19 vs. 64% and 12 vs. 62% for four walls + ceiling, respectively)

[38]

Two walls

Four walls

Untreated control

Four walls + ceiling

Cotonou, Benin, experimental West African huts

Polypropylene mesh

Bendiocarb (200 mg/m2)

Top thirds of walls

Deltamethrin-treated mosquito net (ITN; 45 mg/m2)

An. gambiae r

Mortality proportional to wall surface area covered (80% vs. 100% for upper third of wall or full coverage, respectively)

No significant reduction in mean no. of mosquitoes in full coverage hut relative to control (202 vs. 206, respectively)

ND

High levels of blood feeing inhibition; no significant increase when combining wall treatments with ITNs compared to ITNs alone (100% vs. 94%, respectively)

ND

ND

[39]

Full coverage

Untreated mosquito net

Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, experimental West African huts

Polypropylene sheeting (ITPS)

Bendiocarb (400 mg/m2)

Upper thirds of walls

Deltamethrin LLIN (PermaNet® 2.0; 55 mg/m2)

An. gambiae r

Significantly higher mosquito mortality when interventions used in combination (ITPS + LLIN: 73% vs. ITPS alone: 53%)

ND

Significantly higher vector exophily when interventions combined (LLIN + IRS: 61%; ITPS + LLINs: 50%)

Significant blood feeding inhibition only when ITPS combined with LLIN (58%) relative to untreated control

ND

Frequency of ace-1 R allele significantly higher among heterozygote survivors from individual IRS and ITPS treatments but not when combined with LLIN

[41]

IRS (bendiocarb; 400 mg/m2)

Mortality similar for partial coverage of ITPS vs. full coverage with IRS (53% vs. 42%, respectively)

Untreated mosquito net

Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, experimental West African huts

Polyethylene sheeting (ITPS)

Permethrin (2% w/w)

Full coverage

Holed permethrin LLIN (Olyset®; 2% w/w)

An. gambiae r

Significantly higher mosquito mortality when ITPS used in combination with LLIN (60%) compared to alone (34%)

No significant reductions in mean no. of mosquitoes in ITPS huts without (443) or with untreated nets (309-315), relative to control (422)

Significant increase in exophily for single (ITPS alone: 80%; LLIN alone: 77%) and combined interventions (ITPS + LLIN: 79%)

Combined use of ITPS + LLIN did not significantly increase blood feeding inhibition over LLIN alone (75% vs. 82%, respectively)

Combined use of ITPS + LLIN significantly increased personal protection over LLIN alone (88% vs. 16%, respectively

Significantly more kdr r/kdr r dead with LLIN (55%) and ITPS + LLIN (67%) than ITPS alone (17%)

[42]

Intact or holed untreated mosquito net

Untreated control

Muheza, Tanzania, experimental East African huts [51]

Polyester wall hangings (NWH)

Pirimiphos methyl (1 g/m2)

Ceiling only

Untreated control

An. gambiae s.l.s/r(c) , An. funestus

An. gambiae and An. funestus mortality significantly higher for p-methyl NWH than deltamethrin NWHs (92% vs. 11% and 78% vs. 6%, respectively for two walls)

Significant reductions in mosquito entry for p-methyl (65–95%) and deltamethrin (50–56%) treated NWH

Significantly increased exiting rates in NWH huts compared to untreated control

Limited effect on blood feeding rates (52–77%) relative to untreated control (64–67%)

ND

ND

[46]

Two walls

Four walls

An. gambiae and An. funestus mortality significantly higher for two walls than ceilings only (59 and 39%, respectively)

Deterrence increased with increasing coverage (65–77% vs. 92–95% for two walls vs. four walls + ceiling)

Four walls + ceiling

No improvement in mosquito mortality when coverage increased beyond two walls

Deltamethrin (55 mg/m2)

Two walls

Tiassalé, Côte d’Ivoire, experimental West African huts

Polyethylene wall lining (WL)

Pirimiphos methyl (1 g/m2)

Four walls

Holed deltamethrin LLIN (PermaNet® 2.0; 55 mg/m2)

An. gambiae s.s.r

Significantly higher mortality with p-methyl WL than pyrethroid WL (66% vs. 32%, respectively)

Significant reductions in mosquito entry for p-methyl WL/NHW only when combined with LLIN (59%/65% vs. 28%/3%, respectively)

Significantly increased exiting rates for p-methyl WL (53%) and p-methyl NWH + LLIN (59%), relative to untreated control (29%)

Limited effect on blood feeding rates (82–94%) relative to untreated control (95%), unless combined with LLIN (9–13%)

Limited personal protection for p-methyl WL/NWH relative to untreated control (4%/0%), unless combined with LLIN (93%/92%)

Significantly higher numbers of ace-1 R heterozygote (RS) and homozygote (RR) survivors compared to susceptible homozygotes (SS) following exposure to p-methyl WLs/NHWs

[47]

Four walls + ceiling

Holed untreated mosquito net

No improvement in mosquito mortality when p-methyl WL/NWH coverage increased from walls only (66%/49%) to walls + ceilings (56%/69%)

Combined WL and LLIN did not limit the selection of ace-1 R compared to WL alone

Nylon NHW

Pirimiphos methyl (1 g/m2)

Four walls

Four walls + ceiling

Untreated plastic sheeting

No increase in mosquito mortality when WL/NHW combined with LLINs (72%/61% vs. 61%/53%, respectively)

Polyethylene WL (ZeroVector®)

Deltamethrin (175 mg/m2)

Four walls

Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, experimental West African huts

Polyethylene WL

Pirimiphos methyl (1 g/m2)

Four walls

Holed deltamethrin LLIN (PermaNet® 2.0; 55 mg/m2)

An. gambiae s.s.s/r(c)

Significantly higher mortality with p-methyl WL than pyrethroid WL (>95% vs. 40%, respectively)

Largest reductions in mosquito entry for pyrethroid WL and p-methyl WL when used in combination with LLIN (74 and 62%, respectively)

Significantly increased exiting rates for p-methyl WL (53%), relative to untreated control (33%)

Blood feeding significantly reduced when p-methyl WL/NWHs combined with LLIN (91%/90% vs. 50/50%, respectively)

Personal protection for p-methyl WL/NWH relative to untreated control (56%/72%), increased when combined with LLIN (95%/94%)

Significantly higher numbers of ace-1 R survivors (100%) following exposure to p-methyl WL alone, compared to susceptible vectors (32%)

[48]

Four walls + ceiling

Holed untreated mosquito net

Significantly higher mortality with p-methyl WL/NHW either alone or in combination with LLIN (100% for all)

Combined WL and LLIN limited the selection of ace-1 R compared to WL alone

Nylon NHW

Pirimiphos methyl (1 g/m2)

Four walls

Four walls + ceiling

Untreated plastic sheeting

No significant increase in mortality when pyrethroid WL combined with LLINs (48% vs. 40%, respectively)

Polyethylene WL (ZeroVector®)

Deltamethrin (175 mg/m2)

Four walls

Four walls + ceiling

  1. IRS indoor residual spraying, ITN insecticide-treated net, ITPS insecticide-treated plastic sheeting, LLIN long-lasting insecticidal net, ND not described, NWH net wall hangings, r resistant to one or more insecticides under investigation, s susceptible to one or more insecticides under investigation, WL wall lining
  2. aFull coverage defined as four inner walls in experimental huts or all interior surfaces in a λ-shaped tent, as applicable
  3. bEntomological parameters reported relative to untreated control, unless otherwise specified
  4. cResistant to pyrethroids but susceptible to organophosphates
Back to article page

Malaria Journal

ISSN: 1475-2875

Contact us