Fig. 4

Reconstructed phylogenetic relationships of the 17 anopheline species and chromosomal evolution analysis from Ref. [12]. The aligned protein sequences of 1085 single-copy orthologs were used to construct the maximum likelihood molecular phylogeny. Chromosome evolution analysis was conducted between the species indicated with a dark font and An. gambiae. Comparative physical mapping has not been performed for the species marked with a grey font. Ma represents million years ago. The number in brackets after the divergence time is the ratio of the X chromosome evolution rate to the autosomal rate of rearrangements in each species compared with An. gambiae