Micro-heterogeneity of malaria transmission in the Peruvian Amazon: a baseline assessment underlying a population-based cohort study

Table 5 Univariate risk factor analysis for P. vivax and P. falciparum infection in Lupuna (LUP)

	P. vivax by PCR						P. falciparum by PCR
	n	N	%	OR	OR [95% CI]		n	N	%	OR	OR [95% CI]
Gender
Female	13	382	3.4	Ref			3	382	0.8	Ref
Male	17	395	4.3	1.3	0.6	2.7	6	395	1.5	1.9	0.5	7.7
Age (years)
<15	9	234	3.8	Ref			5	234	2.1	6.3	0.7	58.7
15–39	15	291	5.2	1.4	0.6	3.2	3	291	1.0	2.7	0.3	27.6
≥40	6	252	2.4	0.6	0.2	1.7	1	252	0.4	Ref
Time in village (years)
<10	7	242	2.9	Ref			3	242	1.2	Ref
≥10	23	535	4.3	1.5	0.6	3.6	6	535	1.1	0.9	0.2	3.7
Education
None	3	89	3.4	Ref			1	89	1.1	Ref
Incomplete primary	6	245	2.4	0.7	0.2	2.9	2	245	0.8	0.7	0.1	8.6
Complete primary	6	153	3.9	1.2	0.3	4.8	2	153	1.3	1.1	0.1	13.3
Secondary	15	290	5.2	1.6	0.4	5.5	4	290	1.4	1.2	0.1	11.8
Forest-related job
No	21	563	3.7	Ref			7	563	1.2	Ref
Yes (≤5 day/week)	8	153	5.2	1.4	0.6	3.3	2	153	1.3	0.9	0.2	4.9
Yes (>5 day/week)	0	56	0.0	NC			0	56	0.0	NC
Trip previous month
No	30	771	3.9	Ref			9	771	1.2	Ref
Yes	0	6	0.0	NC			0	6	0.0	NC
Malaria episodes (previous 12 months)
0	25	662	3.8	Ref			9	662	1.4	Ref
≥1 episodes	5	107	4.7	1.2	0.5	3.3	0	107	0.0	NC
Overcrowding (>3 persons/bedroom)
No	17	452	3.8	Ref			2	452	0.4	Ref
Yes	13	325	4.0	1.1	0.5	2.2	7	325	2.2	4.9*	1.0	24.6
Bednet coverage, %
≥80	30	751	4.0	Ref			9	751	1.2	Ref
<80	0	26	0.0	NC			0	26	0.0	NC
Roof material
Calamine	9	245	3.7	Ref			2	245	0.8	Ref
Palm	21	532	3.9	1.1	0.5	2.4	7	532	1.3	1.6	0.3	8.3
Floor material
Cement	5	184	2.7	Ref			1	184	0.5	Ref
Wood	6	93	6.5	2.5	0.7	8.3	0	93	0.0	NC
Dirt	19	500	3.8	1.4	0.5	3.8	8	500	1.6	2.9	0.2	38.1
Electricity
Yes	13	271	4.8	Ref			1	271	0.4	Ref
No	17	506	3.4	0.7	0.3	1.4	8	506	1.6	4.3	0.5	36.0

Random-effects variance for P. falciparum model = 0.62 (including only overcrowding)
Ref reference, NC non calculated
* p < 0.05

ISSN: 1475-2875