Table 2 Characteristics of the trips made outside of Swaziland (positive and negative cases), with a percentage (%) of the total group size (n) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI)
From: Travel patterns and demographic characteristics of malaria cases in Swaziland, 2010–2014
Variable | Characteristics | Risk factors | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive cases | Negative cases | p (χ2) | OR (95% CI) | Pr(>|z|) | |||
n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | ||||
Total | 947 | 306 | |||||
Reason of travel | 0.003 | ||||||
Lives/staying there | 51 | 5.39 (3.94–6.82) | 37 | 12.09 (8.44–15.74) | 1 | ||
Business | 51 | 5.39 (3.97–6.82) | 30 | 9.8 (6.47–13.14) | 1.23 (0.67–2.3) | 0.5063 | |
Holiday | 19 | 2.01 (1.11–2.9) | 11 | 3.59 (1.51–5.68) | 1.25 (0.54–3.02) | 0.6049 | |
Other | 6 | 0.63 (0.13–1.14) | 15 | 4.9 (2.48–7.32) | 0.29 (0.1–0.79) | 0.0194 | |
Visiting friends/relatives | 448 | 47.31 (44.13–50.49) | 213 | 69.61 (64.45–74.76) | 1.53 (0.96–2.4) | 0.068 | |
Didn’t respond* | 372 | 39.28 (36.7–42.39) | 0 | ||||
Travel protection | 0.902 | ||||||
Any protection | 173 | 18.27 (15.81–20.73) | 55 | 17.97 (13.67–22.28) | 1 | ||
No protection | 773 | 81.63 (79.16–84.09) | 251 | 82.03 (77.72–86.33) | 0.98 (0.7–1.36) | 0.902 | |
Didn’t respond* | 1 | 0.11 (−0.1–0.31) | 0 | ||||
Travel protection | 0.045 | ||||||
Bed net | 83 | 8.76 (6.96–10.57) | 38 | 12.42 (8.72–16.11) | 1 | ||
None | 773 | 81.63 (79.16–84.09) | 251 | 82.03 (77.72–86.33) | 1.41 (0.93–2.11) | 0.10005 | |
Repellent coil | 28 | 2.96 (1.88–4.04) | 9 | 2.94 (1.05–4.83) | 1.42 (0.63–3.46) | 0.41109 | |
Chemoprophylaxis (chemop) | 53 | 5.6 (4.14–7.06) | 8 | 2.61 (0.83–4.4) | 3.03 (1.37–7.45) | 0.00934 | |
Bed net + repellent coil | 4 | 0.42 (0.01–0.84) | 0 | ||||
Bed net + chemop | 4 | 0.42 (0.01–0.84) | 0 | ||||
Chemop + repellent coil | 1 | 0.11 (−0.1–0.31) | 0 | ||||
Didn’t respond* | 1 | 0.11 (−0.1–0.31) | 0 | ||||
Bed net at home | <0.0001 | ||||||
Bed net | 134 | 14.15 (11.93–16.37) | 112 | 36.6 (31.2–42) | 1 | ||
None | 813 | 85.85 (83.63–88.07) | 194 | 63.4 (58–68.9) | 3.5 (2.61–4.71) | <0.0001 | |
Admin unit/Country | <0.0001 | ||||||
KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) | 16 | 1.69 (0.87–2.51) | 37 | 12.09 (8.44–15.74) | 1 | ||
Eastern Cape (South Africa) | 0 | 1 | 0.33 (−0.31–0.97) | ||||
Free State (South Africa) | 0 | 1 | 0.33 (−0.31–0.97) | ||||
Gauteng (South Africa) | 4 | 0.42 (0.01–0.84) | 22 | 7.19 (4.3–10.08) | 0.42 (0.11–1.32) | 0.162596 | |
Limpopo (South Africa) | 2 | 0.21 (−0.08–0.5) | 7 | 2.29 (0.61–3.96) | 0.66 (0.09–3.1) | 0.628196 | |
Mpumalanga (South Africa) | 19 | 2.01 (1.11–2.9) | 76 | 24.84 (20–29.68) | 0.58 (0.27–1.26) | 0.164403 | |
North West (South Africa) | 2 | 0.21 (−0.08–0.5) | 3 | 0.98 (−0.12–2.08) | 1.54 (0.19–10.18) | 0.652284 | |
Western Cape (South Africa) | 0 | 1 | 0.33 (−0.31–0.97) | ||||
Gaza (Mozambique) | 123 | 12.99 (10.85–15.13) | 5 | 1.63 (0.21–3.05) | 56.89 (21.13–185.28) | <0.0001 | |
Inhambane (Mozambique) | 281 | 29.67 (26.76–32.58) | 17 | 5.56 (2.99–8.12) | 38.22 (18.26–84.63) | <0.0001 | |
Manica (Mozambique) | 0 | 1 | 0.33 (−0.31–0.97) | ||||
Maputo (Mozambique) | 71 | 7.5 (5.82–9.17) | 45 | 14.71 (10.74–18.67) | 3.65 (1.85–7.47) | 0.000263 | |
Maputo City (Mozambique) | 315 | 33.26 (30.26–36.26) | 86 | 28.1 (23.07–33.14) | 8.47 (4.57–16.34) | <0.0001 | |
Nampula (Mozambique) | 2 | 0.21 (−0.08–0.5) | 0 | ||||
Nassa (Mozambique) | 1 | 0.11 (−0.1–0.31) | 0 | ||||
Sofala (Mozambique) | 14 | 1.48 (0.71–2.25) | 0 | ||||
Tete (Mozambique) | 3 | 0.32 (−0.04–0.67) | 0 | ||||
Zambezia (Mozambique) | 4 | 0.42 (0.01–0.84) | 0 | ||||
Cabo Delgado (Mozambique) | 1 | 0.11 (−0.1–0.31) | 0 | ||||
Equatorial Guinea | 4 | 0.42 (0.01–0.84) | 0 | ||||
Ethiopia | 1 | 0.11 (−0.1–0.31) | 0 | ||||
Ghana | 1 | 0.11 (−0.1–0.31) | 0 | ||||
Nigeria | 1 | 0.11 (−0.1–0.31) | 1 | 0.33 (−0.31–0.97) | 2.31 (0.09–60.96) | 0.561948 | |
Malawi | 2 | 0.21 (−0.08–0.5) | 0 | ||||
Rwanda | 1 | 0.11 (−0.1–0.31) | 0 | ||||
Tanzania | 1 | 0.11 (−0.1–0.31) | 0 | ||||
Zambia | 4 | 0.42 (0.01–0.84) | 0 | ||||
Zimbabwe | 3 | 0.32 (−0.04–0.67) | 3 | 0.98 (−0.12–2.08) | 2.31 (0.39–13.71) | 0.335023 | |
Uganda | 3 | 0.32 (−0.04–0.67) | 0 | ||||
Didn’t respond* | 68 | 7.18 (5.54–8.82) | 0 | ||||
Border crossing | <0.0001 | ||||||
Mananga | 7 | 0.74 (0.32–1.59) | 31 | 10.13 (7.09–14.21) | 1 | ||
Mhlumeni/Goba | 255 | 26.93 (24.15–29.9) | 70 | 22.88 (18.37–28.07) | 8.99 (4.75–17.77) | <0.0001 | |
Lomahasha/Namaacha | 250 | 26.4 (23.64–29.35) | 70 | 22.88 (18.37–28.07) | 8.81 (4.66–17.43) | <0.0001 | |
Ngwenya/Oshoek | 15 | 1.58 (0.92–2.66) | 37 | 12.09 (8.76–16.4) | 0.56 (0.19–1.5) | 0.25901 | |
Lavumisa/Golela | 12 | 1.27 (0.69–2.27) | 22 | 7.19 (4.66–10.84) | 1.35 (0.53–3.4) | 0.52929 | |
Informal crossings | 9 | 0.95 (0.46–1.86) | 21 | 6.86 (4.4–10.45) | 1.06 (0.39–2.81) | 0.91193 | |
Matsamo/Jeppe’s Reef | 5 | 0.53 (0.19–1.3) | 15 | 4.9 (2.87–8.13) | 0.82 (0.23–2.56) | 0.74437 | |
Mbuzini | 1 | 0.11 (0.01–0.68) | 11 | 3.59 (1.9–6.53) | 0.22 (0.01–1.31) | 0.16956 | |
Matsapha Airport | 8 | 0.84 (0.39–1.73) | 1 | 0.33 (0.02–2.09) | 19.73 (3.23–382.87) | 0.0069 | |
Salitje/Onverwacht | 0 | 5 | 1.63 (0.6–3.99) | ||||
Mahamba | 3 | 0.32 (0.08–1) | 2 | 0.65 (0.11–2.6) | 3.7 (0.56–30.31) | 0.17419 | |
Sandlane/Nerston | 0 | 4 | 1.31 (0.42–3.54) | ||||
Sicunusa/Houtkop | 0 | 3 | 0.98 (0.25–3.08) | ||||
Other (total)+ | 8 | 0.84 (0.39–1.73) | 14 | 4.58 (2.61–7.73) | 1.41 (0.48–4.03) | 0.52395 | |
Other | 3 | 0.32 (0.08–1) | 3 | 0.98 (0.25–3.08) | |||
Sicancweni (other) | 2 | 0.21 (0.04–0.85) | 1 | 0.33 (0.02–2.09) | |||
Nsalitje (other) | 0 | 2 | 0.65 (0.11–2.6) | ||||
Phocweni (other) | 2 | 0.21 (0.04–0.85) | 0 | ||||
Tsambokhulu (other) | 0 | 2 | 0.65 (0.11–2.6) | ||||
Eticancweni (other) | 0 | 1 | 0.33 (0.02–2.09) | ||||
Insubane (other) | 0 | 1 | 0.33 (0.02–2.09) | ||||
Lubombo (other) | 0 | 1 | 0.33 (0.02–2.09) | ||||
Mahlahlane (other) | 0 | 1 | 0.33 (0.02–2.09) | ||||
Malabo international airport (other) | 1 | 0.11 (0.01–0.68) | 0 | ||||
Sicanco (other) | 0 | 1 | 0.33 (0.02–2.09) | ||||
Sitsasaweni (other) | 0 | 1 | 0.33 (0.02–2.09) | ||||
Didn’t respond* | 374 | 39.49 (36.38–42.7) | 0 | ||||
Means of transport | <0.0001 | ||||||
Kombi (van) | 256 | 27.03 (24.25–30) | 175 | 57.19 (51.43–62.77) | 1 | ||
Large bus | 139 | 14.68 (12.52–17.13) | 60 | 19.61 (15.4–24.6) | 1.58 (1.11–2.28) | 0.0120 | |
Airplane | 9 | 0.95 (0.46–1.86) | 2 | 0.65 (0.11–2.6) | 3.08 (0.78–20.34) | 0.1538 | |
Bicycle | 0 | 1 | 0.33 (0.02–2.09) | ||||
Personal car | 147 | 15.52 (13.31–18.02) | 50 | 16.34 (12.47–21.07) | 2.01 (1.39–2.94) | 0.0003 | |
Ride share | 10 | 1.06 (0.54–2) | 1 | 0.33 (0.02–2.09) | 6.84 (1.29–126.02) | 0.0680 | |
Truck | 1 | 0.11 (0.01–0.68) | 0 | ||||
Walked | 12 | 1.27 (0.69–2.27) | 17 | 5.56 (3.37–8.91) | 0.48 (0.22–1.03) | 0.0614 | |
Didn’t respond* | 373 | 39.39 (36.27–42.59) | 0 | ||||