Table 4 Characteristics of individuals that reported a travel history that was within Swaziland by positive and negative cases, with a percentage (%) of the total group size (n) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI)
From: Travel patterns and demographic characteristics of malaria cases in Swaziland, 2010–2014
Variable | Characteristics | Risk factors | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive cases | Negative cases | p(χ2) | OR (95% CI) | Pr(>|z|) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Pr(>|z|) | |||
n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | ||||||
Total | 177 | 711 | |||||||
Age class | 0.0078 | ||||||||
<1 | 1 | 0.56 (−0.54–1.67) | 29 | 4.08 (2.62–5.53) | 1 | 1 | |||
1–4.9 | 15 | 8.47 (4.37–12.58) | 59 | 8.3 (6.27–10.33) | 7.37 (1.39–136.55) | 0.0587 | 5.34 (0.91–101.92) | 0.1240 | |
5–14.9 | 25 | 14.12 (8.99–19.26) | 78 | 10.97 (8.67–13.27) | 9.29 (1.83–169.76) | 0.0324 | 4.57 (0.76–88.65) | 0.1681 | |
15–24.9 | 27 | 15.25 (9.96–20.55) | 181 | 25.46 (22.26–28.66) | 4.33 (0.87–78.63) | 0.1578 | 3.18 (0.58–59.41) | 0.2777 | |
25–44.9 | 66 | 37.29 (30.16–44.41) | 256 | 36.01 (32.48–39.53) | 7.48 (1.55–134.43) | 0.0498 | 2.96 (0.56–54.7) | 0.3047 | |
45–64.9 | 15 | 8.47 (4.37-12.58) | 81 | 11.39 (9.06–13.73) | 5.37 (1.02–99.25) | 0.1109 | 2.25 (0.36–43.9) | 0.4653 | |
65–99 | 1 | 0.56 (−0.54–1.67) | 19 | 2.67 (1.49–3.86) | 1.52 (0.06–40.18) | 0.7697 | 1.39 (0.05–38.01) | 0.8252 | |
Didn’t respond* | 27 | 15.25 (9.96–20.55) | 8 | 1.13 (0.35–1.9) | |||||
Occupation | 0.0038 | ||||||||
Unemployed | 22 | 12.43 (7.57–17.29) | 245 | 34.46 (30.97–37.95) | 1 | 1 | |||
Agriculture | 10 | 5.65 (2.25–9.05) | 85 | 11.95 (9.57–14.34) | 1.31 (0.57–2.81) | 0.5012 | 0.8 (0.33–1.85) | 0.6123 | |
Manufacturing | 3 | 1.69 (−0.21–3.6) | 7 | 0.98 (0.26–1.71) | 4.77 (0.98–18.54) | 0.0311 | 2.89 (0.57–11.7) | 0.1549 | |
Office or clerical work | 4 | 2.26 (0.07–4.45) | 8 | 1.13 (0.35–1.9) | 5.57 (1.4–19.23) | 0.0084 | 4.74 (1.13–17.54) | 0.0231 | |
Other | 18 | 10.17 (5.72–14.62) | 197 | 27.71 (24.42–31) | 1.02 (0.53–1.95) | 0.9582 | 0.6 (0.28–1.25) | 0.1775 | |
Other manual labour | 7 | 3.95 (1.08–6.83) | 27 | 3.8 (2.39–5.2) | 2.89 (1.06–7.12) | 0.0269 | 1.88 (0.65–5.04) | 0.2236 | |
Small-market sales or trade | 0 | 12 | 1.69 (0.74–2.63) | ||||||
Student | 27 | 15.25 (9.96–20.55) | 125 | 17.58 (14.78–20.38) | 2.41 (1.32–4.43) | 0.0043 | 1.49 (0.65–3.36) | 0.3373 | |
Army | 0 | 2 | 0.28 (−0.11–0.67) | ||||||
Didn’t respond* | 86 | 48.59 (41.22–55.95) | 3 | 0.42 (−0.05–0.9) | |||||
Gender | <0.0001 | ||||||||
Female | 64 | 36.16 (29.08–43.24) | 388 | 54.57 (50.91–58.23) | 1 | 1 | |||
Male | 112 | 63.28 (56.18–70.38) | 323 | 45.43 (41.77–49.09) | 2.10 (1.49–2.96) | <0.0001 | 2.77 (1.68–4.65) | 0.0001 | |
Didn’t respond* | 1 | 0.56 (−0.54–1.67) | 0 | ||||||
Nationality | <0.0001 | ||||||||
Swazi | 165 | 93.22 (89.52–96.92) | 710 | 99.86 (99.58–100) | 1 | 1 | |||
Mozambican | 8 | 4.52 (1.46–7.58) | 1 | 0.14 (−0.13–0.42) | 34.42 (6.25–640.85) | 0.0009 | – | 0.9954 | |
South African | 1 | 0.56 (−0.54–1.67) | 0 | ||||||
Portuguese | 1 | 0.56 (−0.54–1.67) | 0 | ||||||
Zimbabwean | 2 | 1.13 (−0.43–2.69) | 0 | ||||||