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Table 1 Demographics and housing characteristics for enrolled children with recent fever presenting to outpatient department, (n = 248)

From: The effect of holes in long-lasting insecticidal nets on malaria in Malawi: results from a case–control study

Variable

Total (n= 248)

Control children (n = 151)

Case children (n=97)

p value

Assessed by parental report

 

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

 

 Age categories, months

  6–12

47 (19.0)

35 (23.2)

12 (12.4)

 

  13–59

201 (81.1)

116 (76.8)

85 (87.6)

0.03*

 Sex

  Male

123 (49.6)

74 (49.0)

49 (50.5)

 

  Female

125 (50.4)

77 (51.0)

48 (49.5)

0.82

 Education of caregiver

  None

25 (10.1)

10 (6.7)

15 (15.5)

 

  Primary

181 (73.3)

110 (73.3)

71 (73.2)

 

  Secondary and higher

41 (16.6)

30 (20.0)

11 (11.3)

0.03*

 Caregiver age (years), median (IQR)

26 (22, 31)

25 (22, 31)

28 (23, 32)

0.22

 Socio-economic status

  Lower 80%

196 (79.4)

117 (78.0)

79 (81.4)

 

  Upper 20%

51 (20.7)

33 (22.0)

18 (18.6)

0.51

 Child sleeps on

  Mattress

50 (20.2)

36 (23.8)

14 (14.4)

 

  Floor/mat

198 (79.8)

115 (76.2)

83 (85.6)

0.07

 Number of nets owned, median (IQR)

2 (1, 2)

2 (1, 2)

2 (1, 2)

0.30

 Number of nets hanging, median (IQR)

1 (1, 2)

1 (1, 2)

1 (1, 2)

0.49

 Household use of any mosquito repellant measuresa

  Yes

12 (4.8)

7 (4.6)

5 (5.2)

1.00

 Flooring type

  Non-cement

206 (83.4)

119 (79.3)

87 (89.7)

 

  Cement

41 (16.6)

31 (20.7)

10 (10.3)

0.03*

Assessed at home visit

 Breeding sites within 20 metersb

  Yes

55 (22.2)

34 (22.5)

21 (21.7)

0.87

 House eaves

  All or some open

201 (81.1)

116 (76.8)

85 (87.6)

 

  All closed

47 (19.0)

35 (23.2)

12 (12.4)

0.03*

 Windows

  No windows

66 (26.6)

40 (26.5)

26 (26.8)

 

  Windows, not screened or some screened

178 (71.8)

109 (72.2)

69 (71.1)

 

  Windows, all screened

4 (1.1)

2 (1.3)

2 (2.1)

0.92

 Presence of at least 2 windows on different walls

  Yes

71 (28.6)

49 (32.5)

22 (22.7)

0.10

 Number of nets hanging, median (IQR)

1 (1, 2)

1 (1, 2)

1 (1, 1)

0.44

 Roof typec

  Thatch/palm leaf

179 (72.8)

98 (65.3)

81 (84.4)

 

  Non-thatch/palm leaf

67 (27.2)

52 (34.7)

15 (15.6)

0.001*

 Exterior wall materiald

  Natural materials

39 (15.7)

24 (15.9)

15 (15.5)

 

  Cement or brick

209 (84.3)

127 (84.1)

82 (84.5)

0.93

  1. * p value < 0.05
  2. aMosquito repellant, mosquito coils, or spraying with insecticide
  3. bExamples of potential breeding sites include puddles, swamps, and open drains, among others
  4. cNon-thatch/palm leaf includes calamine/cement fiber, ceramic tiles, or corrugated galvanized iron sheets
  5. dNatural materials include cane, palm, trunks, or dirt walls. Cement or brick includes cement and burnt or unburnt brick walls
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Malaria Journal

ISSN: 1475-2875

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