Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population and their association with malaria infection by P. vivax and P. falciparum
Characteristics | P. vivax PRBC-PCR | P. falciparum PRBC-PCR | Total n = 450 (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive n = 113 (%) | Negative n = 337 (%) | p value | Positive n = 22 (%) | Negative n = 428 (%) | p value | ||
Study area | 0.146* | 0.371 | |||||
Cahuide | 77 (68.1) | 203 (60.2) | 16 (72.7) | 264 (61.7) | 280 (62.2) | ||
Lupuna | 36 (31.9) | 134 (39.8) | 6 (27.3) | 164 (38.3) | 170 (37.8) | ||
Sex | 0.191* | 0.195* | |||||
Male | 58 (51.3) | 148 (43.9) | 7 (31.8) | 199 (46.5) | 206 (45.8) | ||
Female | 55 (48.7) | 189 (56.1) | 15 (68.2) | 229 (53.5) | 244 (54.2) | ||
Age groups (years) | 0.001** | 0.022** | |||||
< 10 | 24 (21.2) | 119 (35.3) | 2 (9.1) | 141 (32.9) | 143 (31.8) | ||
10–29.9 | 41 (36.3) | 133 (39.5) | 9 (40.9) | 165 (38.6) | 174 (38.7) | ||
≥ 30 | 48 (42.5) | 85 (25.2) | 11 (50.0) | 122 (28.5) | 133 (29.6) | ||
Education | 0.243 | 0.503 | |||||
None | 10 (8.8) | 51 (15.1) | 1 (4.6) | 60 (14.0) | 61 (13.6) | ||
Primary school | 67 (59.3) | 183 (54.3) | 14 (63.6) | 236 (55.1) | 250 (55.6) | ||
Secondary school or higher | 36 (31.9) | 103 (30.6) | 7 (31.8) | 132 (30.8) | 139 (30.9) | ||
Occupation (> 18 years old) | 0.424 | 0.756 | |||||
Logger or charcoal worker | 6 (9.0) | 8 (5.8) | 2 (13.3) | 12 (6.3) | 14 (6.9) | ||
Farmer | 19 (28.4) | 30 (21.9) | 3 (20.0) | 46 (24.3) | 49 (24.0) | ||
Trader | 4 (6.0) | 8 (5.8) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (6.3) | 12 (5.9) | ||
Others | 10 (14.9) | 15 (11.0) | 2 (13.3) | 23 (12.2) | 25 (12.2) | ||
None | 28 (41.8) | 76 (55.5) | 8 (53.3) | 96 (50.8) | 104 (51.0) | ||
Time in community (years) | 0.071* | 0.209 | |||||
≤ 2 | 24 (21.8) | 45 (14.2) | 5 (26.3) | 64 (15.7) | 69 (16.2) | ||
> 2 | 86 (78.2) | 272 (85.8) | 14 (73.7) | 344 (84.3) | 358 (83.8) | ||
Mammal-livestock | 0.443 | 1.000 | |||||
Yes | 60 (53.1) | 194 (57.6) | 12 (54.5) | 242 (56.5) | 254 (56.4) | ||
No | 53 (46.9) | 143 (42.4) | 10 (45.5) | 186 (43.5) | 196 (43.6) | ||
Avian-livestock | 0.724 | 1.000 | |||||
Yes | 77 (68.1) | 236 (70.0) | 15 (68.2) | 298 (69.6) | 313 (69.6) | ||
No | 36 (31.9) | 101 (30.0) | 7 (31.8) | 130 (30.4) | 137 (30.4) | ||
Impregnated bed nets | 0.048** | 1.000 | |||||
Yes | 75 (66.4) | 257 (76.3) | 16 (72.7) | 316 (73.8) | 332 (73.8) | ||
No | 38 (33.6) | 80 (23.7) | 6 (27.3) | 112 (26.2) | 118 (26.2) | ||