Table 1 Demographic and socio-economic characteristics of survey participants in the 6 months–4 years age category, by study site
|  | Burkina Faso, Nanoro | Gabon, Lambaréné | Ghana, Agogo | Kenya, Kombewa | Malawi, Lilongwe | Tanzania, Bagamoyo | Tanzania, Korogwe | Ghana, Kintampo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Survey 1, N | 423 | 398 | 397 | 400 | 400 | 392 | 389 | 401 |
 Rural location, % (95% CI) | 100 (99.1–100) | 31.7 (27.1–36.5) | 36.0 (31.3–41.0) | 98.8 (97.1–99.6) | 0.5 (0.1–1.8) | 100 (99.1–100) | 86.1 (82.3–89.4) | 48.6 (43.6–53.6) |
 Closed water source, % (95% CI) | 60.5 (55.7–65.2) | 71.9 (67.2–76.2) | 94.2 (91.4–96.3) | 44.0 (39.1–49.0) | 99.3 (97.8–99.8) | 23.0 (18.9–27.4) | 53.0 (47.9–58.0) | 71.3 (66.6–75.7) |
 Electricity present, % (95% CI) | 1.7 (0.7–3.4) | 76.1 (71.6–80.2) | 73.6 (68.9–77.8) | 3.5 (1.9–5.8) | 14.8 (11.4–18.6) | 4.3 (2.5–6.9) | 4.6 (2.8–7.2) | 44.9 (39.9–49.9) |
 Malaria treatment in past 14 days, n (%) | 2 (0.5) | 7 (1.8) | 58 (14.6) | 86 (21.5) | 54 (13.5) | 12 (3.1) | 28 (7.2) | 60 (15.0) |
 Slept under bed net the night before, n (%) | 141 (33.3) | 292 (73.4) | 149 (37.5) | 324 (81.0) | 227 (56.8) | 371 (94.6) | 275 (70.7) | 158 (39.4) |
 No use of repellent in past 7 days, n (%) | 416 (98.3) | 187 (47.0) | 229 (57.7) | 390 (97.5) | 390 (97.5) | 388 (99.0) | 367 (94.3) | 296 (73.8) |
 IRS in past 12 months, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) | 31 (7.8) | 4 (1.0) | 16 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (1.7) |
 Insecticide spray use in past 7 days, n (%) | 3 (0.7) | 16 (4.0) | 44 (11.1) | 3 (0.8) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 4 (1.0) | 29 (7.2) |
Survey 2, N | 402 | 398 | 400 | 400 | 399 | 398 | 399 | 401 |
 Rural location, % (95% CI) | 100 (99.1–100) | 22.6 (18.6–27.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.9) | 96.3 (93.9–97.9) | 0.0 (0.0–0.9) | 84.9 (81.0–88.3) | 84.2 (80.3–87.6) | 67.1 (62.2–71.7) |
 Closed water source, % (95% CI) | 73.4 (68.8–77.6) | 76.4 (71.9–80.5) | 97.5 (95.5–98.8) | 43.8 (38.8–48.8) | 98.2 (96.4–99.3) | 32.4 (27.8–37.3) | 63.4 (58.5–68.1) | 57.9 (52.9–62.7) |
 Electricity present, % (95% CI) | 1.1 (0.3–2.5) | 84.9 (81.0–88.3) | 65.8 (60.9–70.4) | 8.8 (6.2–12.0) | 19.0 (15.3–23.3) | 1.5 (0.6–3.3) | 5.0 (3.1–7.6) | 41.6 (36.8–46.6) |
 Malaria treatment in past 14 days, n (%) | 4 (1.0) | 11 (2.8) | 48 (12.0) | 75 (18.8) | 23 (5.8) | 14 (3.5) | 21 (5.3) | 88 (21.9) |
 Slept under bed net the night before, n (%) | 293 (72.9) | 296 (74.4) | 285 (71.3) | 367 (91.8) | 251 (62.9) | 358 (89.9) | 363 (91.0) | 206 (51.4) |
 No use of repellent in past 7 days, n (%) | 402 (100) | 202 (50.8) | 316 (79.0) | 389 (97.3) | 314 (78.7) | 390 (98.0) | 391 (98.0) | 322 (80.3) |
 IRS in past 12 months, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) | 8 (2.0) | 5 (1.3) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
 Insecticide spray use in past 7 days, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (2.5) | 14 (3.5) | 4 (1.0) | 16 (4.0) | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.3) | 13 (3.2) |
Survey 3, N | 395 | 399 | 399 | 401 | 400 | 399 | 400 | 400 |
 Rural location, % (95% CI) | 100 (99.1–100) | 35.8 (31.1–40.8) | 13.8 (10.6–17.6) | 95.3 (92.7–97.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.9) | 100 (99.1–100) | 89.0 (85.5–91.9) | 82.0 (77.9–85.6) |
 Closed water source, % (95% CI) | 75.9 (71.4–80.1) | 62.4 (57.5–67.2) | 90.5 (87.2–93.2) | 30.7 (26.2–35.4) | 98.5 (96.8–99.4) | 39.1 (34.3–44.1) | 44.5 (39.6–49.5) | 56.0 (51.0–60.9) |
 Electricity present, % (95% CI) | 2.3 (1.0–4.3) | 68.9 (64.1–73.4) | 74.9 (70.4–79.1) | 8.7 (6.2–11.9) | 21.0 (17.1–25.3) | 1.3 (0.4–2.9) | 5.8 (3.7–8.5) | 31.3 (26.7–36.0) |
 Malaria treatment in past 14 days, n (%) | 32 (8.1) | 2 (0.5) | 52 (13.0) | 78 (19.5) | 26 (6.5) | 10 (2.5) | 36 (9.0) | 73 (18.3) |
 Slept under bed net the night before, n (%) | 352 (89.1) | 250 (62.7) | 242 (60.7) | 362 (90.3) | 330 (82.5) | 362 (90.7) | 339 (84.8) | 348 (87.0) |
 No use of repellent in past 7 days, n (%) | 387 (98.0) | 165 (41.4) | 304 (76.2) | 387 (96.5) | 383 (95.8) | 395 (99.0) | 388 (97.0) | 369 (92.3) |
 IRS in past 12 months, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.5) |
 Insecticide spray use in past 7 days, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.0) | 21 (5.3) | 6 (1.5) | 8 (2.0) | 3 (0.8) | 3 (0.8) | 3 (0.8) |
Survey 4, N | 399 | 399 | – | – | – | – | – | 395 |
 Rural location, % (95% CI) | 100 (99.1–100) | 35.1 (30.4–40.0) | – | – | – | – | – | 82.3 (78.1–85.9) |
 Closed water source, % (95% CI) | 87.5 (83.8–90.6) | 74.2 (69.6–78.4) | – | – | – | – | – | 71.4 (66.7–75.8) |
 Electricity present, % (95% CI) | 2.0 (0.9–3.9) | 76.7 (72.2–80.8) | – | – | – | – | – | 24.8 (20.6–29.4) |
 Malaria treatment in past 14 days, n (%) | 29 (7.3) | 1 (0.3) | – | – | – | – | – | 54 (13.7) |
 Slept under bed net the night before, n (%) | 375 (94.0) | 212 (53.1) | – | – | – | – | – | 319 (80.8) |
 No use of repellent in past 7 days, n (%) | 393 (98.5) | 164 (41.1) | – | – | – | – | – | 348 (88.1) |
 IRS in past 12 months, n (%) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | – | – | – | – | – | 2 (0.5) |
 Insecticide spray use in past 7 days, n (%) | 3 (0.8) | 10 (2.5) | – | – | – | – | – | 14 (3.5) |