Fig. 11

Time-to-resistance for a mixture and sequence using inputs derived from field studies (as outlined in Table 6). Alpha-cypermethrin (pyrethroid) is shown in red and Bendiocarb (carbamate) is shown in blue. Exposure is set to 0.8 and starting frequencies to 0.01. Resistance to the carbamate (blue) increases very quickly in both the mixture and sequence due to its high effectiveness. Resistance to the pyrethroid (red) increases more slowly due to low effectiveness and high cost of resistance. In a mixture the resistance frequency of the pyrethroid even declines when resistance to the carbamate is low. In this illustrative example resistance to both insecticides takes longer to evolve for a mixture than a sequence