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Table 2 Effect of inputs on resistance when insecticides used singly or in sequence

From: Insecticide resistance evolution with mixtures and sequences: a model-based explanation

Parameter to increase

Effect on resistance evolution

Mechanism

1. Effectiveness

Faster

Reduced fitness of SS and SR exposed to insecticide

2. Exposure

Faster

Reduced fitness of SS and SR overall

3. Dominance of resistance

Faster

Increased fitness of SR exposed to insecticide

4. Resistance restoration

Faster

Increased fitness of RR and SR exposed to insecticide

5. Frequency

Faster

Less change needed to reach resistance threshold

6. Cost of resistance

Slower

Reduced fitness of RR and SR not exposed to insecticide