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Table 3 Effect of inputs on resistance when insecticides used in a mixture

From: Insecticide resistance evolution with mixtures and sequences: a model-based explanation

Parameter to increase

Effect on resistance evolution

Mechanism

1. Effectiveness

Slower

One insecticide reduces the fitness of individuals resistant to the other thereby reducing selection pressure for the other

2. Exposure

Faster (but less than for insecticide used alone)

Reduced fitness of individuals susceptible to one insecticide increases selection pressure for that resistance. However at the same time selection pressure is reduced by reduced fitness of resistant individuals caused by the other insecticide

3. Dominance of resistance

Faster

Increased fitness of heterozygotes

4. Resistance restoration

Faster

Increased fitness of resistants

5. Frequency

Faster

Less change needed to reach resistance threshold

6. Cost of resistance

Slower

Reduced fitness of resistants in absence of insecticide