From: Insecticide resistance evolution with mixtures and sequences: a model-based explanation
Parameter to increase | Effect on resistance evolution | Mechanism |
---|---|---|
1. Effectiveness | Slower | One insecticide reduces the fitness of individuals resistant to the other thereby reducing selection pressure for the other |
2. Exposure | Faster (but less than for insecticide used alone) | Reduced fitness of individuals susceptible to one insecticide increases selection pressure for that resistance. However at the same time selection pressure is reduced by reduced fitness of resistant individuals caused by the other insecticide |
3. Dominance of resistance | Faster | Increased fitness of heterozygotes |
4. Resistance restoration | Faster | Increased fitness of resistants |
5. Frequency | Faster | Less change needed to reach resistance threshold |
6. Cost of resistance | Slower | Reduced fitness of resistants in absence of insecticide |