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Table 2 Association between parasitaemia and non-febrile clinical illness

From: Clinical consequences of submicroscopic malaria parasitaemia in Uganda

 

No parasitaemia

Submicroscopic parasitaemia

Microscopic parasitaemia

Association between parasitaemia and non-febrile clinical illnessa

 Age 0.5–< 2

  Risk

74/293 (25.3%)

27/120 (22.5%)

31/71 (43.7%)

  RRb (95% CI)

Reference group

0.90 (0.60–1.36)

1.73 (1.28–2.35)

  p value

0.60

< 0.01

 Age 2–< 5

  Risk

181/1158 (15.6%)

96/508 (18.9%)

87/393 (22.1%)

  RRb (95% CI)

Reference group

1.16 (0.92–1.46)

1.39 (1.09–1.77)

  p value

0.22

0.01

 Age 5–10

  Risk

185/2153 (8.6%)

152/1267 (12.0%)

191/1379 (13.9%)

  RRb (95% CI)

Reference group

1.44 (1.17–1.78)

1.71 (1.37–2.13)

  p value

< 0.01

< 0.01

 Age 0.5–10

  Risk

440/3604 (12.2%)

275/1895 (14.5%)

309/1843 (16.8%)

  RRb (95% CI)

Reference group

1.26 (1.09–1.47)

1.52 (1.30–1.78)

  p value

< 0.01

< 0.01

 Age ≥ 18

  Risk

119/948 (12.6%)

94/679 (13.8%)

12/106 (11.3%)

  RRb (95% CI)

Reference group

1.10 (0.82–1.48)

0.96 (0.52–1.76)

  p value

0.52

0.89

 

No parasitaemia

Submicroscopic parasitaemia

Association between parasitaemia and non-febrile clinical illness, excluding those with recent malariac

 Age 0.5–< 2

  Risk

72/284 (25.4%)

22/81 (27.2%)

  RRb (95% CI)

Reference group

1.08 (0.70–1.66)

  p value

0.74

 Age 2–< 5

  Risk

172/1100 (15.6%)

72/378 (19.1%)

  RRb (95% CI)

Reference group

1.18 (0.90–1.53)

  p value

0.23

 Age 5–10

  Risk

175/2034 (8.6%)

144/1161 (12.4%)

  RRb (95% CI)

Reference group

1.45 (1.16–1.80)

  p value

< 0.01

 Age 0.5–10

  Risk

419/3418 (12.3%)

238/1620 (14.7%)

  RRb (95% CI)

Reference group

1.25 (1.07–1.46)

  p value

< 0.01

 Age ≥ 18

  Risk

117/930 (12.6%)

93/672 (13.8%)

  RRc (95% CI)

Reference group

1.10 (0.82–1.48)

  p value

0.53

  1. aComposite variable based on self-report of abdominal pain, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, cough, headache, joint pain, muscle ache, seizure, or jaundice at routine visit
  2. bAdjusted for repeated measures in the same study participant
  3. cExcludes participants who were diagnosed with malaria in the past 14 days or developed malaria in the next 7 days