Fig. 5

Cross wavelet coherence analysis for monthly time series. Panels show the cross-wavelet coherence between: a malaria and the El Niño 4 index, NI (b) malaria and rainfall (c) malaria and temperature (d) malaria and NDVI (e) malaria and SD of NDVI (f) NI and rainfall (g) NI and temperature (h) NI and NDVI (i) NI and SD of NDVI. A coherence scale is presented on the right-hand side of the figure, which goes from zero (blue) to one (red). Red regions in the plots indicate frequencies and times for which the two series share power (i.e., variability). The cone of influence (within which results are not influenced by the edges of the data) and the significant coherent time–frequency regions (P < 0.05) are indicated by black solid lines. Note that cross-wavelet analysis including NDVI data are for 2000–2016, while all other analyses are for 1998–2016