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Table 3 Factors affecting the concentration of cytokines and chemokines secreted in culture supernatants of peripheral and cord blood mononuclear cells after incubation with P. falciparum-infected erythrocyte (iRBC) or uninfected erythrocyte (uRBC) lysates

From: High production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by maternal blood mononuclear cells is associated with reduced maternal malaria but increased cord blood infection

 

Peripheral blood

Cord blood

Univariate

Multivariable

Univariate

Multivariable

Effect (95% CI)

p

Effect (95% CI)

p

Effect (95% CI)

p

Effect (95% CI)

p

Older agea

 IL-1β

  iRBC

3.44 (1.58;7.50)

0.017

4.42 (1.40;13.91)

0.025

NS

 

NS

 

  uRBC

3.33 (1.46;7.60)

0.008

NS

 

NS

 

NS

 

 IL-6

  iRBC

4.42 (1.79;10.91)

0.005

7.75 (2.02;29.8)

0.013

NS

 

NS

 

  uRBC

3.10 (1.18;8.15)

0.036

5.49 (1.31;22.9)

0.046

NS

 

NS

 

 IL-5d

  iRBC

37.7 (11.7;121.1)

< 0.001

38.3 (12.0;122.0)

< 0.001

NS

 

NS

 

  uRBC

NS

 

NS

 

NS

 

NS

 

Parityb

 IL-8

  iRBC

NS

 

NS

 

NS

 

1.29 (0.65;2.55)

0.048

  uRBC

NS

 

NS

 

NS

 

NS

 

Dry seasonc

 IL-1β

  iRBC

0.25 (0.13;0.48)

< 0.001

0.23 (0.12;0.43)

< 0.001

0.23 (0.12;0.46)

< 0.001

0.21 (0.11;0.43)

< 0.001

  uRBC

0.23 (0.12;0.47)

< 0.001

0.21 (0.11;0.42)

< 0.001

0.21 (0.10;0.42)

< 0.001

0.18 (0.09;0.37)

< 0.001

 IL-6

  iRBC

0.25 (0.12;0.54)

< 0.001

0.25 (0.12;0.52)

< 0.001

0.14 (0.06;0.33)

< 0.001

0.14 (0.06;0.32)

< 0.001

  uRBC

0.19 (0.08;0.41)

< 0.001

0.19 (0.09;0.42)

< 0.001

0.12 (0.05;0.27)

< 0.001

0.11 (0.05;0.26)

< 0.001

 TNF

  iRBC

0.51 (0.27;0.95)

0.036

0.53 (0.28;1.00)

0.051

0.26 (0.14;0.49)

< 0.001

0.28 (0.15;0.53)

< 0.001

  uRBC

0.40 (0.21;0.75)

0.005

0.40 (0.21;0.74)

0.004

0.32 (0.17;0.61)

0.001

0.34 (0.18;0.66)

0.002

 IL-8

  iRBC

0.66 (0.48;0.91)

0.012

0.65 (0.47;0.90)

0.011

NS

 

NS

 

  uRBC

0.67 (0.52;0.86)

0.002

0.68 (0.52;0.88)

0.003

0.70 (0.51;0.96)

0.026

0.67 (0.48;0.93)

0.017

 IL-2

  iRBC

NS

 

NS

 

0.75 (0.57;0.99)

0.046

0.74 (0.57; 0.96)

0.027

  uRBC

NS

 

NS

 

NS

 

NS

 

 IL-4

  iRBC

NS

 

NS

 

0.79 (0.63;0.98)

0.033

0.79 (0.63;1.00)

0.047

  uRBC

NS

 

NS

 

NS

 

NS

 

Insecticide treated net use

 IL-10e

  iRBC

NS

 

NS

 

3.00 (1.06;8.51)

0.040

4.17 (1.34;12.98)

0.015

  uRBC

NS

 

NS

 

3.25 (1.16;9.13)

0.026

3.38 (1.20;12.20)

0.025

  1. The following variables were included in the multivariable regression analyses: peripheral and placental infection, placental inflammation, age, parity, neighbourhood, season, use of insecticide treated net and use of indoor residual spraying. Cytokines and chemokines not included in the table did not show any differential pattern according to any variable
  2. NS not significant
  3. aRatio in the mean cytokine/chemokine levels in older women (> 25 years) compared to younger women (15–20 years)
  4. bRatio in the mean cytokine/chemokine levels in multigravidae compared to primigravidae
  5. cRatio in the mean cytokine/chemokine levels of women with a pregnancy during the dry season compared to women with a pregnancy during the rainy season
  6. dEffect only manifested in primigravidae women in stratified analysis
  7. eEffect only manifested in multigravidae women in stratified multivariable analysis
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Malaria Journal

ISSN: 1475-2875

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