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Table 4 Multivariable analysis of concentrations of cytokines and chemokines secreted by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in relation to P. falciparum infection and delivery outcomes

From: High production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by maternal blood mononuclear cells is associated with reduced maternal malaria but increased cord blood infection

 

Effect (95% CI)

p

Maternal peripheral P. falciparum infectiona

 IL-1β

  iRBC

0.83 (0.72;0.97)

0.017

  uRBC

0.86 (0.75;0.98)

0.026

 TNFc

  iRBC

1.57 (1.01;2.45)

0.044

  uRBC

1.70 (1.11;2.60)

0.015

 IL-12c

  iRBC

0.38 (0.18;0.80)

0.015

  uRBC

0.26 (0.08;0.79)

0.023

 IL-8d

  iRBC

NS

 

  uRBC

0.71 (0.52;0.98)

0.035

 IL-2d

  iRBC

NS

 

  uRBC

1.54 (1.03;2.28)

0.034

Placental P. falciparum infectionb

 IL-6

  iRBC

0.89 (0.80;1.00)

0.049

  uRBC

0.88 (0.79;0.98)

0.020

 TNF

  iRBC

NS

 

  uRBC

0.82 (0.70;0.96)

0.015

 IL-5d

  iRBC

1.80 (1.15;2.80)

0.009

  uRBC

NS

 

Placental inflammation

 TNF

  iRBC

1.35 (1.02;1.78)

0.034

  uRBC

1.38 (1.06;1.79)

0.018

Cord P. falciparum infection

 IL-1β

  iRBC

3.58 (1.03;12.41)

0.045

  uRBC

1.83 (1.01;3.32)

0.046

  1. Adjusted for age, parity, indoor residual spraying, insecticide treated net, season, and neighbourhood. In some cases, the analyses were also adjusted for placental or peripheral infection, as indicated in the footnotes and in the text. The analyses were conducted first in all mothers and later stratified in primigravidae and multigravidae women separately, as indicated in the footnotes and in the text
  2. NS not significant, iRBC Plasmodium falciparum infected red blood cells, uRBC uninfected red blood cells
  3. aAlso adjusted for placental infection
  4. bAlso adjusted for peripheral infection
  5. cEffect only manifested in primigravidae women in stratified multivariable analysis
  6. dEffect only manifested in multigravidae women in stratified multivariable analysis