Table 3 Resistant gene polymorphisms of the parasite isolates collected before 2009 and from 2009 to 2016

pfcrt 76T,  % (n)

98.1 (102/104)

96.0 (48/50)

100 (54/54)

0.229

pfmdr1

 Copy number (n = 102)

1.1 ± 0.6

1.2 ± 0.8

1.0 ± 0.5

0.116

 86Y, % (n)

6.8 (7/103)

14.0 (7/50)

0 (0/53)

0.005

 184F, % (n)

89.3 (92/103)

84.0 (42/50)

94.3 (50/53)

0.083

 1034C, % (n)

11.7 (12/103)

20.0 (10/50)

3.8 (2/53)

0.011

 1042D, % (n)

16.5 (17/103)

32.0 (16/50)

1.9 (1/53)

< 0.001

 1246Y, % (n)

0 (0/103)

0 (0/50)

0 (0/53)

–

cytb 268S, % (n)

(0/50)

–

(0/50)

–

K13

52.5 (53/101)

18.4 (9/49)

84.6 (44/52)

< 0.001

 G436S, % (n)

1.0 (1/101)

0 (0/49)

1.9 (1/52)

0.515

 F483L, % (n)

2.0 (2/101)

2.0 (1/49)

1.9 (1/52)

0.737

 Y493H, % (n)

1.0 (1/101)

0 (0/49)

1.9 (1/52)

0.515

 G538 V, % (n)

1.0 (1/101)

0 (0/49)

1.9 (1/52)

0.515

 R539T, % (n)

8.9 (9/101)

2.0 (1/49)

15.4 (8/52)

0.019

 V568G, % (n)

1.0 (1/101)

2.0 (1/49)

0 (0/52)

0.485

 C580Y, % (n)

38.6 (39/101)

12.2 (6/49)

63.5 (33/52)

< 0.001