From: Admission EEG findings in diverse paediatric cerebral malaria populations predict outcomes
Country | Clinical or EEG variable | Children with variable who were alive (N, %) | Children with variable who died (N, %) | Odds ratioa | 95% confidence interval | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Uganda | Total N (122) | 101 | 21 | |||
Retinopathy positive | 71 (70.3) | 16 (73.2) | 1.63 | 0.5, 5.3 | 0.41 | |
HIV reactivity | 3 (3.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
Variability | 62 (61.4) | 11 (52.4) | 0.64 | 0.25, 1.65 | 0.35 | |
Asymmetry | 13 (12.9) | 2 (9.5) | 0.71 | 0.15, 3.42 | 0.67 | |
Electrographic seizures (present) | 8 (7.9) | 1 (4.8) | 0.58 | 0.07, 4.9 | 0.62 | |
Spindles (present) | 60 (59.4) | 11 (52.4) | 0.64 | 0.25, 1.66 | 0.36 | |
Vertex sharp waves | 47 (46.5) | 9 (42.9) | 0.79 | 0.31, 2.07 | 0.64 | |
Focal slowing | 3 (2.9) | 3 (14.3) | 5.27 | 0.98, 28.3 | 0.052 | |
Reactivity (normal + paradoxical) | 40 (39.6) | 4 (19.1) | 0.306 | 0.09, 0.98 | 0.046 | |
Normal reactivity (increase in voltage and/or frequency with stimulus) | 37 (36.6) | 3 (14.3) | 1.02 | 0.09, 10.46 | 0.55 | |
Paradoxical reactivity (decrease in voltage and/or frequency with stimulus) | 3 (2.97) | 1 (4.76) | 0.25 | 0.07, 0.91 | 0.09 | |
Malawi | Total N (159) | 137 | 22 | |||
Retinopathy positive | 137 (100) | 22 (100) | ||||
HIV reactivity | 12 (9.7) | 1 (5.0) | 0.49 | 0.06, 4.0 | 0.5065 | |
Variability | 71 (51.8) | 7 (31.8) | 0.43 | 0.17, 1.13 | 0.087 | |
Asymmetry | 40 (29.2) | 9 (40.9) | 1.68 | 0.66, 4.23 | 0.27 | |
Electrographic seizures present | 16 (11.7) | 6 (27.3) | 2.84 | 0.97, 8.3 | 0.06 | |
Spindles present | 58 (42.3) | 7 (31.8) | 0.64 | 0.24, 1.66 | 0.35 | |
Vertex sharp waves | 37 (27.0) | 2 (9.1) | 0.27 | 0.06, 1.21 | 0.09 | |
Focal slowing (focal versus gen) | 14 (10.2) | 5 (22.7) | 2.58 | 0.83, 8.08 | 0.10 | |
Reactivity (normal + paradoxical) | 62 (45.3) | 6 (27.3) | 0.45 | 0.17, 1.2 | 0.12 | |
Normal reactivity (increase in voltage and/or frequency with stimulus) | 37 (27.0) | 4 (18.2) | 0.51 | 0.16, 1.63 | 0.77 | |
Paradoxical reactivity (decrease in voltage and/or frequency with stimulus) | 25 (18.2) | 2 (9.1) | 0.37 | 0.08, 1.75 | 0.42 | |
Uganda + Malawi | Total N (281) | 238 | 43 | |||
Retinopathy positive | 208 (87.4) | 38 (88.4) | 1.32 | 0.44,3.98 | 0.62 | |
HIV reactivity | 15 (6.7) | 1 (3.5) | 0.49 | 0.06, 3.91 | 0.5072 | |
Variability | 133 (55.9) | 18 (41.9) | 0.552 | 0.29,1.07 | 0.077 | |
Asymmetry | 53 (22.3) | 11 (25.6) | 1.20 | 0.57,2.54 | 0.634 | |
Electrographic seizures present | 24 (10.1) | 7 (16.3) | 1.73 | 0.69,4.32 | 0.24 | |
Spindles present | 118 (49.6) | 18 (41.9) | 0.696 | 0.36,1.34 | 0.28 | |
Vertex sharp waves | 84 (35.3) | 11 (25.6) | 0.614 | 0.29,1.28 | 0.19 | |
Focal slowing | 17 (7.1) | 8 (18.6) | 2.93 | 1.76,7.3 | 0.02 | |
Reactivity (normal + paradoxical) | 102 (42.9) | 10 (23.3) | 0.374 | 0.18,0.79 | 0.010 | |
Reactivity (increase in voltage and/or frequency with stimulus) | 40 (16.8) | 5 (11.6) | 0.477 | 0.17,1.31 | 0.79 | |
Paradoxical reactivity (decrease in voltage and/or frequency with stimulus) | 62 (26.1) | 5 (11.6) | 0.308 | 0.11,0.83 | 0.13 |