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Table 4 Comparison of categorical demographic and EEG variables by outcome (mortality) (OR, 95% CI)

From: Admission EEG findings in diverse paediatric cerebral malaria populations predict outcomes

Country

Clinical or EEG variable

Children with variable who were alive

(N, %)

Children with variable who died

(N, %)

Odds ratioa

95% confidence interval

p value

Uganda

Total N (122)

101

21

   

Retinopathy positive

71 (70.3)

16 (73.2)

1.63

0.5, 5.3

0.41

HIV reactivity

3 (3.0)

0 (0.0)

   

Variability

62 (61.4)

11 (52.4)

0.64

0.25, 1.65

0.35

Asymmetry

13 (12.9)

2 (9.5)

0.71

0.15, 3.42

0.67

Electrographic seizures (present)

8 (7.9)

1 (4.8)

0.58

0.07, 4.9

0.62

Spindles (present)

60 (59.4)

11 (52.4)

0.64

0.25, 1.66

0.36

Vertex sharp waves

47 (46.5)

9 (42.9)

0.79

0.31, 2.07

0.64

Focal slowing

3 (2.9)

3 (14.3)

5.27

0.98, 28.3

0.052

Reactivity (normal + paradoxical)

40 (39.6)

4 (19.1)

0.306

0.09, 0.98

0.046

Normal reactivity (increase in voltage and/or frequency with stimulus)

37 (36.6)

3 (14.3)

1.02

0.09, 10.46

0.55

Paradoxical reactivity (decrease in voltage and/or frequency with stimulus)

3 (2.97)

1 (4.76)

0.25

0.07, 0.91

0.09

Malawi

Total N (159)

137

22

   

Retinopathy positive

137 (100)

22 (100)

   

HIV reactivity

12 (9.7)

1 (5.0)

0.49

0.06, 4.0

0.5065

Variability

71 (51.8)

7 (31.8)

0.43

0.17, 1.13

0.087

Asymmetry

40 (29.2)

9 (40.9)

1.68

0.66, 4.23

0.27

Electrographic seizures present

16 (11.7)

6 (27.3)

2.84

0.97, 8.3

0.06

Spindles present

58 (42.3)

7 (31.8)

0.64

0.24, 1.66

0.35

Vertex sharp waves

37 (27.0)

2 (9.1)

0.27

0.06, 1.21

0.09

Focal slowing (focal versus gen)

14 (10.2)

5 (22.7)

2.58

0.83, 8.08

0.10

Reactivity (normal + paradoxical)

62 (45.3)

6 (27.3)

0.45

0.17, 1.2

0.12

Normal reactivity (increase in voltage and/or frequency with stimulus)

37 (27.0)

4 (18.2)

0.51

0.16, 1.63

0.77

Paradoxical reactivity (decrease in voltage and/or frequency with stimulus)

25 (18.2)

2 (9.1)

0.37

0.08, 1.75

0.42

Uganda + Malawi

Total N (281)

238

43

   

Retinopathy positive

208 (87.4)

38 (88.4)

1.32

0.44,3.98

0.62

HIV reactivity

15 (6.7)

1 (3.5)

0.49

0.06, 3.91

0.5072

Variability

133 (55.9)

18 (41.9)

0.552

0.29,1.07

0.077

Asymmetry

53 (22.3)

11 (25.6)

1.20

0.57,2.54

0.634

Electrographic seizures present

24 (10.1)

7 (16.3)

1.73

0.69,4.32

0.24

Spindles present

118 (49.6)

18 (41.9)

0.696

0.36,1.34

0.28

Vertex sharp waves

84 (35.3)

11 (25.6)

0.614

0.29,1.28

0.19

Focal slowing

17 (7.1)

8 (18.6)

2.93

1.76,7.3

0.02

Reactivity (normal + paradoxical)

102 (42.9)

10 (23.3)

0.374

0.18,0.79

0.010

Reactivity (increase in voltage and/or frequency with stimulus)

40 (16.8)

5 (11.6)

0.477

0.17,1.31

0.79

Paradoxical reactivity (decrease in voltage and/or frequency with stimulus)

62 (26.1)

5 (11.6)

0.308

0.11,0.83

0.13

  1. aOdds of death of children having the EEG feature divided by the odds of death of children without the EEG feature