Table 4 Multivariable risk factors for PCR-positivity (all species), malaria parasite and risk-factor survey, Northern Lao PDR

District

Paktha

Reference

–

–

Reference

–

–

Muang Et

0.96

0.31–2.94

0.942

1.77

0.74–4.24

0.197

Nambak

0.28

0.035–2.28

0.232

0.28

0.048–1.64

0.157

Khua

2.91

0.83–10.18

0.94

1.89

1.07–3.34

0.029

Wealth quantile

Highest

Reference

–

–

Reference

–

–

Middle high

1.95

0.57–6.60

0.281

2.13

0.87–5.24

0.097

Middle low

2.03

0.63–6.46

0.229

1.63

0.59–4.50

0.345

Lowest

6.78

1.84–24.93

0.004

3.57

1.24–10.27

0.019

Does HH own any type of net (bed net or hammock) to sleep under?

Yes

Reference

–

–

Reference

–

No

31.90

4.35–234.12

0.001

10.91

5.42–21.94

< 0.001

Have you ever heard of malaria?

Yes

Reference

–

–

Reference

–

–

No

1.44

0.61–3.39

0.396

0.71

0.38–1.34

0.286

Don’t know

5.05

1.77–3.39

0.003

3.96

1.05–14.91

0.042

Source of malaria knowledge

Not brochure or poster

Reference

–

–

Reference

–

–

Brochure or poster

5.28

0.637–44.46

0.124

10.99

2.02–59.77

0.006

Does anyone in HH go to forest or forest-fringe sites overnight?

No

Reference

–

–

Reference

–

–

Yes

3.35

1.10–10.21

0.033

1.77

0.78–4.01

0.169

Any cases in village outside household?

No

Reference

–

–

Reference

–

–

Yes

2.07

0.13–5.30

0.128

3.00

0.993–9.08

0.051

Any other cases in household?

No

Reference

–

–

Reference

–

–

Yes

25.77

7.52–88.31

< 0.001

12.83

4.40–37.38

< 0.001

Sex

Male

Reference

–

–

Reference

–

Female

1.27

0.80–2.00

0.305

1.18

0.69–2.02

0.549

Age in years

Continuous

0.986

0.97–1.01

0.146

0.995

0.98–1.01

0.563