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Table 3 Plasmodium falciparum parasite prevalence (pfPR) among children 0–15 years old enrolled between October 2011 and Feb 2014 in 12 villages in north-central and northwest regions of Uganda and associations with sex and those characteristics that resulted in P < 0.05 in univariate logistic models

From: A cross-sectional study of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection burden and risk factors in general population children in 12 villages in northern Uganda

Characteristics

n positive

Unadjusted

P*

Adjusted

P*

Weighted pfPR %

Odds ratio (95% CI)

pfPR odds ratio (95% CI)¶

All subjects

553

52.5

–

–

–

–

Sex

 Female

287

53.3

Ref.

   

 Male

266

51.4

0.93 (0.56–1.52)

0.767

–

–

Mother’s income (Ugandan shillings)

 < 30,000 USHS

242

47.9

Ref.

   

 ≥ 30,000 USHS

309

57.7

1.48 (1.09–2.01)

0.036

–

–

Distance of home to water source

 ≥ 1 km

338

55.7

Ref.

   

 < 1 km

215

49.4

0.78 (0.20–3.00)

0.723

–

–

Malaria prevention

 Indoor residual spraying (IRS) sub- region

  Not an IRS district

496

75.2

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  IRS district

57

18.4

0.07 (0.05–0.11)

< 0.0001

0.06 (0.04–0.07)

< 0.0001

 Indoor residual spraying (IRS) in house

  Never

506

59.0

Ref.

   

  In the past year

47

23.7

0.22 (0.05–0.86)

0.061

–

–

 Mosquito net used last night

  No

391

48.8

Ref.

  

–

  Yes

162

64.6

1.91 (0.46–7.89)

0.395

–

 

Number of other children in household

 1

58

67.9

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 2

81

43.6

0.37 (0.22–0.60)

 

0.70 (0.69–0.73)

 

 3

98

50.9

0.49 (0.35–0.68)

 

0.49 (0.45–0.52)

 

 4

110

40.6

0.32 (0.21–0.49)

 

0.34 (0.31–0.37)

 

 5

88

61.6

0.76 (0.57–1.00)

 

0.24 (0.21–0.26)

 

 6+

118

54.4

0.56 (0.24–1.31)

< 0.0001

0.17 (0.15–0.19)

< 0.0001

Number of children below 5 years in household

 0

130

55.5

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 1

268

58.6

1.14 (0.75–1.72)

 

0.48 (0.30–0.76)

 

 2–4

155

36.5

0.46 (0.32–0.66)

0.0002

0.23 (0.12–0.44)

0.014

Kept goat near or inside house

 No

160

60.5

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Yes

393

49.8

0.65 (0.48–0.87)

0.021

0.42 (0.29–0.62)

0.0002

Non-malaria fevers

 In past 6 months before enrollment

  No

461

51.4

Ref.

   

  Yes

92

60.6

1.45 (0.66–3.21)

0.381

  

Household members with malaria

 Any child positive with malaria

  None

58

29.6

Ref.

   

  ≥ 1 positive

495

64.1

4.24 (1.61–11.2)

0.019

  

 Younger sibling positive with malaria

  No

266

46.0

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

287

65.1

2.20 (1.40–3.45)

0.009

5.39 (2.94–9.90)

0.0006

Malaria fever

 Reports a fever at enrollment

  No

542

52.2

Ref.

   

  Yes

12

85.5

5.38 (2.01–14.4)

0.010

4.80 (1.94–11.9)

0.0094

Fever count in past 6 months before enrollment

 0

132

44.7

Ref.

   

 1

113

42.1

0.90 (0.59–1.38)

   

 2

101

54.7

1.50 (0.83–2.71)

   

 3

102

66.0

2.40 (0.82–7.05)

   

 4+

105

69.4

2.80 (1.11–7.05)

0.0003

  

 In past 12 months before enrollment

  No

80

38.3

Ref.

   

  Yes

462

55.7

2.02 (1.25–3.27)

0.021

–

 

Lifetime malaria treatment

 Inpatient

      

  Past 12 months

135

65.1

Ref.

   

  More than 12 months

114

57.4

0.72 (0.25, 2.09)

   

  Never

304

46.6

0.47 (0.13, 1.73)

0.027

  

 Outpatient

  Past 12 months

395

53.3

Ref.

   

  More than 12 months

76

67.6

1.83 (1.15, 2.92)

   

  Never

82

39.6

0.57 (0.41, 0.80)

0.0057

  
  1. * Covariates with several levels were coded with dummy variables for the categories and P is for heterogeneity) in the univariate analysis and using trend coding in the adjusted analyses (P is for trend). ¶ Final adjusted models used forward stepwise regression starting with 14 variables with P < 0.05 in univariate models (IRS district, mother’s income, number of other children in the household, number of malaria fevers in the past 6 months, having a younger sibling with malaria, keeping a goat in the house, inpatient and outpatient treatment for malaria). Mother’s income was estimated in Ugandan shillings (30,000 Ugandan shillings are approximately equal to 10 US dollars). The survey estimates are weighted estimates that account for the differential probabilities in selecting the sample of children. Variance estimation takes the weights into account and accounts for the clustering of the sample of children at the village and household levels. The coefficient of variation of the final weights was 1.25 (defined as standard deviation/mean of the final weights)
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Malaria Journal

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