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Table 3 Multinomial logistic regression results showing odds of willingness to contribute time or money only or both time and money relative to non-willingness to contribute by individuals’ sense of community, environmental, malaria-related and sociodemographic characteristics

From: Sense of community and willingness to support malaria intervention programme in urban poor Accra, Ghana

Categorical variable

Model 1 (pseudo R2 = 0.031; N = 766; χ2 = 45.53; prob > χ2 = 0.0000)

Model 2 (pseudo R2 = 0.071; N = 746; χ2 = 102.53; prob > χ2 = 0.0000)

Money or time only

Both money and time

Money or time only

Both money and time

RRR (SE)

(95% CI)

RRR (SE)

(95% CI)

RRR (SE)

(95% CI)

RRR (SE)

(95% CI)

Sense of community variables

Duration of residence in community

 Non-migrant ref

        

 Recent migrant (5 years or less)

2.117 (0.936)^

(0.889, 5.037)

2.193 (0.955)^

(0.934, 5.149)

2.424 (1.209)^

(0.912, 6.444)

2.843 (1.401)*

(1.082, 7.471)

 Longer-staying migrant (over 5 years)

2.277 (0.716)**

(1.229, 4.218)

2.058 (0.640)*

(1.119, 3.787)

2.941 (1.095)**

(1.418, 6.100)

2.938 (1.080)**

(1.429, 6.040)

Perception of community cohesion

0.889 (0.037)**

(0.819, 0.965)

0.899 (0.037)**

(0.829, 0.974)

0.836 (0.039)***

(0.761, 0.916)

0.857 (0.040)**

(0.783, 0.938)

Willingness to request help score

1.156 (0.038)***

(1.084, 1.232)

1.105 (0.035)**

(1.038, 1.177)

1.181 (0.042)***

(1.102, 1.266)

1.121 (0.039)**

(1.047, 1.200)

Altruism score

1.015 (0.038)

(0.956, 1.077)

1.045 (0.031)

(0.986, 1.108)

1.011 (0.033)

(0.948, 1.079)

1.035 (0.033)

(0.971, 1.102)

Environmental characteristics

Distance from open drain

 Less than  10 m ref

        

 10–50 m

    

0.436 (0.132)**

(0.241, 0.790)

0.470 (0.139)*

(0.262, 0.840)

 Over 50 m

    

1.507 (0.670)

(0.630, 3.602)

0.997 (0.444)

(0.416, 2.388)

Locality of residence

 Agbogbloshie ref

        

 James Town

    

2.673 (1.370)^

(0.979, 7.299)

3.703 (1.923)*

(1.338, 10.247)

 Ussher Town

    

1.515 (0.733)

(0.587, 3.910)

3.305 (1.614)*

(1.269, 8.605)

Malaria-related characteristics

Perceived prevalence of malaria

 Increasing ref

        

 Decreasing

    

0.875 (0.324)

(0.424, 1.806)

0.592 (0.214)

(0.292, 1.204)

 Remained same

    

0.505 (0.211)

(0.223, 1.144)

0.421 (0.171)*

(0.190, 0.933)

Personal knowledge of malaria death

 Yes

    

1.952 (1.003)

(0.713, 5.346)

2.529 (1.277)^

(0.940, 6.806)

 No ref

        

Sociodemographic characteristics

Gender

 Male ref

        

 Female

    

1.165 (0.319)

(0.682, 1.992)

1.104 (0.297)

(0.651, 1.870)

Age

    

0.995 (0.014)

(0.969, 1.023)

0.998 (0.014)

(0.972, 1.025)

Monthly income

    

1.001 (0.001)

(0.999, 1.002)

1.001 (0.001)

(0.999, 1.002)

Educational attainment

 None/primary ref

        

 JHS/middle

    

0.613 (0.221)

(0.303, 1.242)

0.691 (0.247)

(0.343, 1.394)

 SHS/higher

    

0.717 (0.284)

(0.330, 1.560)

0.806 (0.316)

(0.374, 1.738)

Ethnicity

        

 Ga ref

        

 Akan

    

1.329 (0.515)

(0.621, 2.842)

1.329 (0.515)

(0.621, 2.842)

 Others

    

0.923 (0.359)

(0.430, 1.978)

0.923 (0.359)

(0.430, 1.978)

Constant

3.518 (2.739)

(0.765, 16.178)

3.488 (2.684)

(0.772, 15.761)

8.013 (10.097)

(0.678, 94.701)

4.866 (6.075)

(0.421, 56.201)

  1. RRR relative risk ratios, SE standard error
  2. ^ p < 0.10, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001