Table 3 Results of the multilevel multinomial regression of consistent use of bed nets on selected sociodemographic, ideational, household and community variables, Nigeria, 2015

Sociodemographic and media exposure variables

 Age in years

0.971***

0.957, 0.986

0.987^‡

0.973, 1.002

 Female gender (RC = male)

1.810***

1.385, 2.367

1.488**

1.156, 1.916

 Education (RC = none)

  Primary

0.740^‡

0.520, 1.054

0.690*

0.460, 0.972

  Secondary and higher

0.670*

0.471, 0.953

0.638**

0.453, 0.898

 Regularly listened to the radio (RC = no)

0.878

0.669, 1.153

0.873

0.671, 1.135

 Regularly watched the television (RC = no)

0.562***

0.416, 0.759

0.757^‡

0.569, 1.006

 Religion (RC = christian)

  Muslim

0.442***

0.274, 0.711

0.741

0.473, 1.160

  Others

0.290*

0.095, 0.886

0.541

0.182, 1.609

 Exposed to malaria prevention message on the media in last 12 months (RC = not exposed)

1.665***

1.279, 2.168

1.939***

1.509, 2.492

Ideational characteristics

 Perceived severity of malaria (RC = did not perceive)

0.675**

0.529, 0.862

0.888

0.706, 1.117

 Perceived susceptibility to malaria (RC = did not perceive)

0.936

0.748, 1.171

1.009

0.815, 1.249

 Knew that malaria is caused by mosquito bite (RC = did not know)

1.342^‡

0.950, 1.896

1.652**

1.182, 2.309

 Reported perceived self-efficacy to prevent malaria (RC = did not report)

1.283^‡

0.971, 1.695

1.048

0.807, 1.360

 Reported perceived self-efficacy to detect severe malaria (RC = did not report)

1.040

0.792, 1.366

1.050

0.811, 1.360

 Reported perceived response-efficacy of bed nets (RC = did not report)

1.468***

1.163, 1.854

0.897

0.719, 1.119

 Reported perceived self-efficacy to use nets (RC = did not report)

1.802***

1.397, 2.324

1.340*

1.052, 1.706

 Discussed malaria with others (RC = did not discuss)

1.450*

1.047,2.009

2.477***

1.775, 3.458

 Discussed nets with others (RC = did not discuss)

1.382*

1.069, 1.787

1.283*

1.003, 1.640

 Higher score for positive attitudes towards net use (RC = lower score)

1.547***

1.230, 1.944

1.551***

1.245, 1.929

 Perceived net use to be the norm in the community (RC = did not perceive)

2.079***

1.657, 2.609

1.999***

1.608, 2.483

 Knew where to buy nets in community

2.514***

1.841, 3.434

2.080***

1.528, 2.831

 Willing to pay for nets (RC = not willing to pay)

1.655***

1.299, 2.109

1.824***

1.443, 2.307

Household/community variables

 Household size

0.862***

0.822, 0.904

0.904***

0.863, 0.946

 Number of nets in household

1.867***

1.656, 2.104

1.491***

1.327, 1.675

 Urban residence (RC = rural)

0.854

0.590, 1.237

0.772

0.539, 1.105

 State of residence (RC = Akwa Ibom)

  Kebbi

17.328***

7.924, 37.893

4.107***

1.934, 8.721

  Nasarawa

3.215***

1.861, 5.553

4.010***

2.379, 6.760

 Household wealth quintile (RC = lowest)

  Second

0.767

0.484, 1.213

0.707

0.441, 1.132

  Middle

0.591*

0.362, 0.964

0.720

0.439, 1.180

  Fourth

0.545*

0.324, 0.918

0.832

0.495, 1.401

  Highest

0.600^‡

0.343, 1.049

0.979

0.563, 1.702

 Community advantage index (RC = low)

  Medium

1.225

0.720, 2.084

0.944

0.563, 1.582

  High

1.513

0.788, 2.905

1.444

0.770, 2.708

Random effects

 Cluster random effects/(SE)^a

0.542*** (0.128)

0.480*** (0.121)