Table 1 Socio-demographic and housing characteristics of cases and controls in villages around Lake Tana, Ethiopia, October 2016–June 2017
Characteristic | Malaria cases (n = 303) n, % (95% CI) | Controls (n = 303) n, % (95% CI) | Total n, % (95% CI) | Pearson’s X2/Fisher’s exact test** |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years)g | 18 (4.42–30) | 20 (3–33) | 19 (4–30) | 0.188 |
< 15 | 119, 39.3 (33.9–44.9) | 119, 39.3 (33.9–44.9) | 238, 39.3 (35.5–43.2) | |
15–29 | 108, 35.6 (30.4–41.2) | 90, 29.7 (24.8–35.1) | 198, 32.6 (29.0–36.5) | |
30–44 | 42, 13.8 (10.4–18.3) | 62, 20.5 (16.3–25.4) | 104, 17.2 (14.4–20.4) | |
45–64 | 30, 9.9 (7.0–13.8) | 30, 9.9 (7.0–13.8) | 60, 9.9 (7.8–12.6) | |
≥ 65 | 4, 1.3 (0.5–3.5) | 2, 0.6 (0.2–2.6) | 6, 1.0 (0.4–2.2) | |
Religiona | 0.105 | |||
Orthodox Christian | 299, 98.7 (96.5–99.5) | 293, 96.7 (94.0–98.2) | 592, 97.7 (96.1–98.6) | |
Muslim | 4, 1.3 (0.5–3.5) | 10, 3.3 (1.8–6.0) | 14, 2.3 (1.4–3.9) | |
Marital statusa | 0.068 | |||
Married | 235, 77.6 (72.5–81.9) | 257, 84.8 (80.3–88.5) | 492, 81.2 (77.9–84.1) | |
Single | 48, 15.8 (12.1–20.4) | 34, 11.2 (8.1–15.3) | 82, 13.5 (11.0–16.5) | |
Divorced/widowed | 20, 6.6 (4.3–10.0) | 12, 4.0 (2.3–6.9) | 32, 5.3 (3.8–7.4) | |
Educational statusa | 0.175 | |||
Illiteratef | 140, 46.2 (40.6–51.9) | 162, 53.5 (47.8–59.0) | 302, 49.8 (45.9–53.8) | |
Able to read and write (informal) | 63, 20.8 (16.6–25.8) | 55, 18.2 (14.2–22.9) | 118, 19.5 (16.5–22.8) | |
Grade 1–12 completed | 93, 30.7 (25.7–36.1) | 75, 24.7 (20.2–29.9) | 168, 27.7 (24.3–31.4) | |
> 12 | 7, 2.3 (1.1–4.8) | 11, 3.6 (2.0–6.5) | 18, 3.0 (1.9–4.7) | |
Occupationa | 0.435 | |||
Government employee | 6, 2.0 (0.9–4.4) | 10, 3.3 (1.8–6.0) | 16, 2.6 (1.6–4.3) | |
Merchant/trader | 10, 3.3 (1.8–6.0) | 9, 3.0 (1.5–5.6) | 19, 3.1 (2.0–4.9) | |
Farmer/peasant | 251, 82.8 (78.1–86.7) | 258, 85.2 (80.7–88.7) | 509, 84.0 (80.8–86.7) | |
Daily labourer | 7, 2.3 (1.1–4.8) | 8, 2.6 (1.3–5.2) | 15, 2.5 (1.5–4.1) | |
Othersb | 29, 9.6 (6.7–13.5) | 18, 5.9 (3.8–9.2) | 47, 7.8 (5.9–10.2) | |
HH wealth index | 0.275 | |||
Poor | 89, 29.4 (24.5–34.8) | 106, 35.0 (29.8–40.6) | 195, 32.2 (28.6–36.0) | |
Medium | 20, 6.6 (4.3–10.0) | 15, 5.0 (3.0–8.1) | 35, 5.8 (4.2–7.9) | |
Rich | 194, 64.0 (58.4–69.3) | 182, 60.0 (54.4–65.5) | 376, 62.0 (58.1–65.8) | |
HH sizeg | 6 (4–7) | 6 (4–7) | 6 (4–7) | 0.568 |
≤ 5 individuals | 133, 43.9 (38.4–49.6) | 140, 46.2 (40.6–51.9) | 273, 45.0 (41.1–49.0) | |
> 5 individuals | 170, 56.1 (50.4–61.6) | 163, 53.8 (48.1–59.4) | 333, 55.0 (51.0–58.9) | |
Roofing materials | 0.145 | |||
Corrugated iron | 287, 94.7 (91.5–96.7) | 278, 91.8 (88.1–94.4) | 565, 93.2 (90.9–95.0) | |
Thatch | 16, 5.3 (3.3–8.5) | 25, 8.2 (5.6–11.9) | 41, 6.8 (5.0–9.1) | |
Open eaves in the roof | 0.546 | |||
Yes | 37, 12.2 (8.9–16.4) | 42, 13.9 (10.4–18.3) | 79, 13.0 (10.6–15.9) | |
No | 266, 87.8 (83.6–91.0) | 261, 86.1 (81.7–89.6) | 527, 87.0 (84.0–89.4) | |
Wall building materials | 0.896 | |||
Cement | 5, 1.6 (0.7–3.9) | 3, 1.0 (0.3–3.0) | 8, 1.3 (0.7–2.6) | |
Mud | 296, 97.7 (95.2–98.9) | 298, 98.3 (96.1–99.3) | 594, 98.0 (96.5–98.9) | |
Othersc | 2, 0.7 (0.2–2.6) | 2, 0.7 (0.2–2.6) | 4, 0.7 (0.2–1.7) | |
Flooring materials | 0.262 | |||
Cement and ceramics | 9, 3.0 (1.5–5.6) | 4, 1.3 (0.5–3.5) | 13, 2.2 (1.2–3.7) | |
Dung plastered | 294, 97.0 (94.4–98.5) | 299, 98.7 (96.5–99.5) | 593, 97.8 (96.3–98.8) | |
Windows of the house | 0.464 | |||
Corrugated iron | 55, 18.2 (14.2–23.0) | 52, 17.2 (13.3–21.9) | 107, 17.7 (14.8–20.9) | |
No windows | 182, 60.1 (54.4–65.5) | 197, 65.0 (59.4–70.2) | 379, 62.5 (58.6–66.3) | |
Open windows/open wall | 58, 19.1 (15.1–24.0) | 50, 16.5 (12.7–21.1) | 108, 17.8 (15.0–21.1) | |
Othersd | 8, 2.6 (1.3–5.2) | 4, 1.3 (0.5–3.5) | 12, 2.0 (1.1–3.5) | |
Number of rooms in the houseg | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 0.549 |
≤ 2 rooms | 100, 33.0 (27.9–38.5) | 107, 35.3 (30.1–40.9) | 207, 34.2 (30.5–38.0) | |
> 2 rooms | 203, 67.0 (61.5–72.1) | 196, 64.7 (59.1–69.9) | 399, 65.8 (62.0–69.5) | |
Tethering of cattle, goats and sheepe | 0.701 | |||
Yes | 73, 24.1 (19.6–29.3) | 69, 22.8 (18.4–27.9) | 142, 23.4 (20.2–27.0) | |
No | 230, 75.9 (70.7–80.4) | 234, 77.2 (72.1–81.6) | 464, 76.6 (73.0–79.8) | |
Separate kitchen | 0.614 | |||
Yes | 116, 38.3 (32.9–43.9) | 110, 36.3 (31.1–41.9) | 226, 37.3 (33.5–41.2) | |
No | 187, 61.7 (56.1–67.1) | 193, 63.7 (58.1–68.9) | 380, 62.7 (58.8–66.5) | |